Populations

Question 0

Give some examples of pull factors.

Answer 0

A better standard of living. More job opportunities, better healthcare, education.
They can spend money back to the family.

Question 1

Give some examples of push factors.

Answer 1

Less job opportunities.
Poor living conditions. Poor housing, famine, disease, expensive poor health care.
War or a natural disaster.

Question 2

How do people get from Poland to Britain?

Answer 2

In 2004 Poland joined the EU which England was a part of. More than half a million people came to England from Poland between 2004 and 2007.
They take a bus or plane.

Question 3

What are the push factors for Poles to come here?(2004)

Answer 3

High unemployment. 19%.
Low average wages. On third of the average EU wage. The average wage is £8000 there £21500 here.
Housing shortages. 300 dwellings for 1000 people.

Question 4

What are the pull factors for poles to come here?

Answer 4

Ease of migration. There was unlimited migration in 2004.
Good exchange rate. Sending back pounds will help family a lot because of the good exchange rate.
More jobs.
Better pay.

Question 5

What are the negatives for the UK of Polish migration?

Answer 5

Pressure on services. 1000 people signed up for English classes.
Strain on schools and health.
Under cutting the UK workers.
Money is sent out of the country. 
Tension in communites.

Question 6

What were the positives of Polish migration for the UK?

Answer 6

They work for less.
They in rich the culture. New polish shops with better food.
They work harder.
Only 1.5% of poles aren't working.
They fill skills in gaps.
Attendance at Catholic Churches went up.
Under 35 mostly go here.

Question 7

What are the positives for Poland with Poles coming here.

Answer 7

Money is sent back to Poland. This boots the economy. In 2006 £2.5 billion was sent back.
Unemployment goes down. Less people claiming benefits.
Strain off health.

Question 8

What are the negatives for Poland with them coming here?

Answer 8

The population fell by 0.3%. The birth rate as the young are the ones who left.
Shortage of workers with is bad for the economy.
An ageing population. Gaps in skills.

Question 9

Why are people migrating to the EU from Africa?

Answer 9

These are mainly refugees who are leaving wars in central and western countries. 2 million people were forced from their homes because of civil war in Sierra Leone from 1991 to 2002.
45,000 people Africans were turned away from Spain in 2001.

Question 10

What is the impact on African countries when people move to Spain?

Answer 10

Families are split up when fleeing from war.

The working population is reduced so less people can contribute to the economy.

Question 11

What are the impacts on Spain when Africans come?

Answer 11

Social tension between Spaniards and immigrants.
Gaps have been filled in the labour market.
The average wage for unskilled work has fallen as there is so much competition.
The birth rate has increased.

Question 12

What are the positives for the source countries when people migrate?

Answer 12

Reduced demand on services like schools and hospitals.

Money is sent back to the source country.

Question 13

What are the negatives for the source countries when people migrate?

Answer 13

Labour shortage. People of working age migrate.
Skills shortage. The highly educated can be the ones that move.
An ageing population. There is a high proportion of older people left.

Question 14

What are the positives for the receiving countries when people migrate?

Answer 14

Increased labour force as it is the young ones that move.

Migrate worked pay taxes.

Question 15

What are the negatives for the receiving countries when people migrate?

Answer 15

Locals and immigrants compete for jobs which can lead to tension and conflict.
An increased demand for services e.g. Hospitals and schools.
Lots of the money is sent outside the country.

Question 16

What affects the population?

Answer 16

Birth rate and death rate. When the birth rate is higher than that of the death rate you have natural increase.
Natural decrease occurs when there are more people dying. Migration can also affect population.

Question 17

Describe stage one of the demographic transistor model.

Answer 17

High and fluctuating birth and death rates. No population growth and a steady low population.
There is no use of contraception and people have lost of children as many die.
Poor healthcare means a high death rate. The population to made mostly of younger people.

Question 18

Describe stage two of the demographic transistor model.

Answer 18

High birth rate as there is no use of contraception. Children are has to work on farms. Improved healthcare means a falling death rate. High population growth. Higher life expectancy but still more young people than old.

Question 19

Describe stage three of the demographic transistor model.

Answer 19

Birth rate is rapidly falling due to the emancipation of women. They have a more equal place in society. Contraception is used more. Women work instead of having children.
The economy changes to manufacturing so less children are needed to work on farms.
Death rate falls because of medical advances.
High growth rate.

Question 20

Describe stage four of the demographic transistor model.

Answer 20

Birth rate is low. People move to urban areas and the standard of living improves. Children aren’t put to work so they are move of an expense. This is also because they are encouraged to spend more on them.
Death rate is low and fluctuates.
The birth rate doesn’t change.
High life expectancy so even more people live to be old.

Question 21

Describe stage five of the demographic transistor model.

Answer 21

The birth rate is falling slowly. There is less money to raise children because people are more dependant on elderly relatives.
Death rate is low and fluctuating.
The population is falling.
An ageing population.

Question 22

What are the social effects of rapid population growth?

Answer 22

Services like healthcare and education can’t cope with the strain. Not everyone has access to them.
Children may miss education as they have to work to surrport the large family.
There aren’t enough houses so people live in overcrowded shanty towns. This causes health problems as houses aren’t always connected to the sewers.
There are food shortages.

Question 23

What are the economic effects of rapid population growth?

Answer 23

Unemployment increases as they aren’t enough jobs.

There is an increase in poverty as people are born into poor family’s.

Question 24

What are the political effects of rapid population growth?

Answer 24

Most of the population is young so the government has policy’s that they like. Improved education and childcare.
The government doesn’t focus on old person things like pensions.
They make polices to bring population growth under control so the problems aren’t as bad.

Question 25

What are two sustainable ways of controlling a population?

Answer 25

Birth controls programs

Immigration laws.

Question 26

Explain birth controls programmes.

Answer 26

They reduce the birth rate.
There can be laws on how many children couples can have.
The government help to plan family’s. Give out contraception.
This helps sustainable development because the population doesn’t get much bigger. Resources won’t be used up so some will be left for the future.

Question 27

Explain immigration laws.

Answer 27

They limit the amount of people that can move into the country.
They can be selective on who can come in. Let less people of child bearing age so there will be less immigrants children.
This helps sustainable development as it slows down the growth rate.

Question 28

Explain the birth controls programme in China.

Answer 28

The one child policy was introduced in 1979.
Couples with one child get benefits like longer maternity leave, better housing and free education. Those with more than one child get none of these and a fine.
336 million abortions.
If the population haves living standards will double.
Lots of mountains means that not much can be grown to support a large population.

Question 29

What are the exceptions of the one child policy?

Answer 29

Couples in rural areas are allowed to have a second if the first was a girl or had a disability. This is because more children are needed to work on farms in rural areas.
If a parent has a disability or if both parents are only children than a second child is allowed. This is so there will be enough people to look after the parents.

Question 30

Has the one child policy worked?

Answer 30

It has prevented up to 400 million births.
The fertility rate dropped from 5.7 in 1970 to 1.8 today.
Some say it wasn’t the policy but other things as well. The Chinese want less children as they have more money.
It was older policy’s about leaving gaps between children helped.

Question 31

How has Indonesia tries to tackle the problem of rapid population growth?

Answer 31

It has the forth largest population in the world. 240 million.
The populations isn’t evenly distributed. 130 million (60%)live on the island of Java.
This has meant unemployment, poverty, lack of housing and services.
If you move to Sumatra you get free land for 12 months so you can become self sufficient.
People got housing benefits and free transport.

Question 32

Has the Indonesian transmigration policy worked?

Answer 32

Rain forests have been cleared to make room for people. This has cause soil erosion leading to infertile land.
It costs £3000 to move a family and they can’t afford it. (Even though it is funded by the world bank)
There is still a population imbalance in Sumatra.
The scheme moves fewer people than the rate at which the population grows.
Not everyone has escaped poverty. They don’t have the skills to farm the land or the land isn’t suitable for farming.
People moved to land occupied by native people. This created. The problem of conflict between occupied and native people.

Question 33

Explain ageing populations.

Answer 33

There are more older people than younger people as people are living longer and less people are being born.
Nations with ageing populations are in stage 5 of the DTM.
The older people are supported by the working population. There is a higher proportion of people who are dependant.

Question 34

What are the economic effects of an ageing population?

Answer 34

Taxes are spent on pensions and looking after the old. There will be less money for other things or taxes will have to go up.
The economy will grow more slowly. Money isn’t being spent on education and business which help the economy but on things like retirement homes which don’t help.

Question 35

What are the social effects of an ageing population?

Answer 35

Healthcare services are stretched as older people need more healthcare.
People will have to work as unpaid cares as they look after parents. They will have less leisure time and be more stressed.
People will have less children as they can’t afford them when looking after old people. This means a drop in the birth rate.
The more old people are, the lower the pension will be. This means people will have to retire latter as they can’t live off the pension.

Question 36

What are the sustainable ways deal with a ageing population?

Answer 36

Raise the retirement age. They will claim the state pension for less time and will contribute to the economy for longer.
Raise taxes for the working population. This means more money is available to support the ageing population.

Question 37

What are some un sustainable ways of dealing with an ageing population?

Answer 37

Encourage young immigrants to come. They increase the working population which can support the ageing one.
Encourage larger families.in Italy woman are offered cash for having more children. This means more younger people to support the older ones.
These aren’t sustainable as they increase the population.

Question 38

Why is there an ageing population in the UK?

Answer 38

People are living longer. Between 1980 and 2006 life expectancy rose by 2.6 for women and 6.4 for men. The average life expectancy is 79 years. The proportion of older people is going up.
Many babies were born in the 1940s and 1960s. This was a baby boom and a pensioner book is happening now.
Since 1970 the number of babies born has fallen, meaning a larger proportion of older people.

Question 39

What are the problems caused by the ageing population in the UK?

Answer 39

Elderly people are living in poverty. The working population isn’t large enough to support them and many don’t have any savings.
The state is struggling to pay the state pension.
The health service is under pressure as older people need more medical care. In 2005 the average stay in hospital for people ever 75 was 13 nights, where the average for all the UK was 8 nights.

Question 40

How is the UK government trying to solve the problem of an ageing population?

Answer 40

The retirement age is 65 for men and 60 for women. By 2046 it will be 68 for everyone. This will mean more taxes and fewer people claiming a pension.
Encourage young people in immigrate. Around 80% of immigrants from EU countries are 34 or younger. This means more people pay taxes which supports the state pension.
Encourage people to have children. Working family tax credits make having children cheaper is it supports people who go back to work after having a child.
Encourage people to take out private pensions. The government gives taxes breaks for some types of private pensions. This means less people will be dependant on the state pension.

Question 41

What are the problems caused by the one child policy?

Answer 41

People want boys. 15 million girls have been aborted. 20% more men than women.

Question 42

What are the environmental effects of high population growth?

Answer 42

In urban places hills are built on meaning landslides.
Pollution comes from factories.
Over grazing and over cultivation meaning the ground becomes poor. Vegetation cover goes down. This teamed with drought causes soil erosion meaning deserts.
Deforestation occurs as fuel is needed.