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life science paper 1 > Population Studies > Flashcards

Population Studies Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a species

A

a group of closely related organisms that are similar and capable of interbreeding and producing offspring.

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2
Q

factors affecting population size

A

natality, mortality, immigration and emigration

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3
Q

what is the carrying capacity

A

the maximum population density that the environment is able to support

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4
Q

what is environmental resistance

A

the different factors that stop a population from reproducing at its maximum rate. eg abiotic: soil quality, wildfires, and drought or biotic: Disease, predation, species diversity, and competition for food with other species

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5
Q

what does a limiting factor help with?

A

to regulate the growth of a population

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6
Q

what are density dependent factors and examples

A

factors that have an effect due to the growing size of the population.
like when organisms are more crowded the tend to compete for resources such a water, food, mates and shelter. they may also be more easily found by predators and they spread diseases more easily and

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7
Q

what are density independent factors

A

natural factors that affect the environment that is not dependent on population size.
examples are: rainfall, temperature, acidity, droughts, floods, fires and tsunamis

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8
Q

what are direct methods of estimating population sizes.

A

direct methods refers to counting every single individual within a population

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9
Q

when are direct methods used

A

1) when organisms are large enough
2) the area in which the individuals are being counted is not large

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10
Q

if area is too large to count all the individuals what is used?

A

Aerial photographs
helicopters
census(people)

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11
Q

what are indirect methods?

A

they involve counting a sample number of the population and then using that sample to estimate the total size of the population.

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12
Q

what are indirect methods?

A

they involve counting a sample number of the population and then using that sample to estimate the total sixe of the population

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13
Q

ways in which you can count population using indirect methods? and the formulas

A

Quadrant method : numbers in sample x size of whole habitat /size of quadrant
mark- recapture method : M x C / R
M: total marked individuals
C total number caught in second sample
R : total marked individuals in second sample.

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14
Q

precautions to take when using marked and recapture method

A

1) only a short time should pass between first and second sampling, no births or deaths should occur.
2) sampling should be replaced several times to calculate average population
3) marking should not affect the individuals movement or behaviour
4) marked animals should mix freely with rest of population
5) no immigration or emigration should take place.

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15
Q

what is predation

A

a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey.

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16
Q

how do predators maintain diversity of ecosystem?

A

1) regulating the amount and distribution of prey species
2) preventing a single species from dominating in an ecosystem
3) keeping the prey population genetically fit by removing weaker individuals
4) providing scavengers a food resource.

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17
Q

what is social organization

A

the different structures of relationships within a group of animals.

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18
Q

why are social organizations important

A

avoid being attack by predators
find food by hunting collectively
divide labour among members
find mates
protect resources
regulate population size

19
Q

what is the dilution effect

A

the greater the number of individuals in a group, the greater the chance of survival. because of the confusion and distraction effect.

20
Q

what are two types of competition?

A

interspecific competition
intraspecific competition

21
Q

what is interspecific competition

A

competition that occurs between organisms of different species that have similar niches e.g. lions and leopards competing for food

22
Q

what is interspecific competition

A

competition that occurs between organisms of different speces that have similar niches e.g. lions leopards competing for food

23
Q

what is intraspecific competition

A

competition that occurs between organism of the same species eg tadpoles competing for food in a pond

24
Q

what is a niche

A

all conditions that are necessary for an organisms to be able to survive and reproduce

25
Q

conditions for a niche

A

optimal physical environment
the ability to obtain food and nutrients
the ability to cope with competition
the ability to avoid predators

26
Q

what is specialization

A

the structural and behavioral adaptions that enable individuals of different species to co-exist.

27
Q

what is competitive exclusion

A

this occurs when one of the two competing species is more successful than the other. this results in the successful species surviving while the other disappears eg extinction

28
Q

what is competitive co exitance

A

two competing species co-exist in the same habitat. although they overlap in niches and compete for the same resources they are able to co exist ad they use the resources differently.

29
Q

what is resource partitioning

A

the evolutionary process whereby the species with similar niches evolve traits that enable them to use resources differently

30
Q

how are resources partitioned

A

organisms can use the resources at different times eg mice that hunt in the night
organisms can use the resources in different parts of the habitat eg depth of fish
organisms can use the resources in different parts of the same resource eh giraffe and kudu

31
Q

what is ecological succession

A

a predictable pattern of gradual change over time in the type of species that form part of a community following a disturbance

32
Q

what is a disturbance

A

disturbances can be cause by physical disasters eg fires, humans or animals as well as climate change

33
Q

two types of succession

A

primary : occurs in place that did not have plants growing in them before
secondary : begins in areas after a disturbance takes place

34
Q

what are the stages of succession

A

pioneer species
intermediate species
climax community

35
Q

what is a pioneer species

A

a species that arrive first in a newly created environment and their interactions build the initial biological community. they have to be tougher to survive extreme environments and they prepare the land

36
Q

intermediate species

A

they come after the pioneer species and they make communities more structurally complex.

37
Q

climax community

A

they come after the intermediate community and they are the last semi stable stage and is known as the end of the succession. they are the most diverse

38
Q

what caused increase in human population

A

1)increased food growth as there are improved ways of producing foods and more land is cultivated
2)there is also more disease treatment and prevention

39
Q

what are the three majors groups of the population pyramid

A

1) pre-reproductive
2) reproductive
3) post-reproductive

40
Q

purpose of a population pyramid

A

1)shows how rapidly a population is growing
2)how developed a country is
3)the distribution of age
4)history of a country’s growth
5)how many economic dependents there are

41
Q

what are population changes

A

dramatic changes in the population are cause by diseases eg HIV/AIDS causing death of sexually active young people, high emigration percentage of young people, loss of men due to war and reduced birth rate die to environmental crisis

42
Q

what is an ecological footprint

A

the impact of a person or community on an environment, the ampunt of land required to sustain their use of natural resouces.
MDCs have the largest ecological footprint and LDCs use less

43
Q

what is biocapacity

A

the capacity of the ecosystems to regenerate what people demand from those surfaces

life science paper 1 (4 decks)

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