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Genes and Genomes > Population Structure and Conservation Genetics > Flashcards

Population Structure and Conservation Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

what is meant by panmixia?

A

population is completely homogenous and mixing - no genetic differences

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2
Q

what is population structure?

A

species don’t mix across their entire ranges - there are allele frequency differences (subpopulations)

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3
Q

what is the wahlund effect?

A

subdivided population has fewer heterozygotes than expected

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4
Q

what is Fst?

A

genetic differentiation.

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5
Q

what is He?

A

expected heterozygosity

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6
Q

what is Ht?

A

total He from average p + q across all subpopulations. always positive between 0 - 1.

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7
Q

what is Hs?

A

average He across each subpopulation

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8
Q

how does gene flow affect population structure?

A

reduces population structure. homogenesises gene frequencies

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9
Q

how does selection affect population structure?

A

could do either. different selection pressures (increase). universally adaptive genes (decrease).

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10
Q

how does genetic drift affect population structure?

A

random mutations in genes. by chance. increases population structure.

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11
Q

define clade

A

sequences all descended from a single ancestor (grouping)

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12
Q

define sister taxa

A

most closely related sequences

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13
Q

define outgroup

A

information as to where the base of the tree is gives direction

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14
Q

define scale bar

A

percentage sequences divergence

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15
Q

define branch length

A

how different the sequences are

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16
Q

what is PCA?

A

principal component analysis

17
Q

what is the function of PCA

A
  • describing variation in complex multidimensional data sets

- helps visualise genetic distances and relatedness between populations

18
Q

in a PCA what does it mean if they’re further apart?

A

the more genetically different they are

19
Q

what is the result of a barrier?

A

reduces gene flow

20
Q

what is the function of wildlife corridoors?

A

promotes gene flow between populations

21
Q

describe isolation by distance

A
  • populations closer together = more genetically similar
  • further away = more genetically different
  • gene flow wont occur
22
Q

when is a higher Fst expected?

A

at loci under divergent selection comapred to neutral/universally adaptative traits

23
Q

what factors create a need for conservation?

A

human eg habitat destruction. environment eg fires

24
Q

what happens when a population is under threat?

A

can become small and fragmented

25
Q

outline the extinction vortex

A
  1. genetic drift much stronger in small populations
  2. get inbreeding
  3. less able to adapt
  4. reduced fitness
  5. reduces population further
  6. could become extinct
26
Q

what is the consequence of inbreeding?

A
  • low genetic diveristy
  • inbreeding depression
  • more homozygous
27
Q

what is inbreeding depression?

A

reduced fitness in offspring

- more exposed to deleterious recessive alleles

28
Q

what are ESUs?

A

evolutionary significant units

29
Q

why are historical differences important?

A
  • defined by reciprocal monopylyl for mtDNA alleles

- significant divergence of nuclear allele frequencies

30
Q

what is DNA barcoding?

A
  • short section of DNA to identify a species
31
Q

what would you use for animal DNA barcoding?

A

650 bp of mitochodnrial cytochrome oxidase 1

32
Q

what would use for plant DNA barcoding?

A

chloroplast genes (rbcL and matK)

33
Q

what are the advantages?

A
  • no taxonomic knowledge required
  • discovery of crypt species
  • potentially very fast
34
Q

what are the disadvantages?

A
  • based on mitochondrial DNA not nuclear DNA
  • need a lab
  • cant distinguish species in rapidly evolving taxa
  • can be little/no difference between intra and interspecific genetic variation
35
Q

what are the forensic applications?

A
  • DNA amplified from tiny bits
  • tracking individuals
  • sexing individuals
  • identifying species

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