Population & migration

Question 1

CBR

Answer 1

Total number of births each year per 1000 of the population.

Question 2

CDR

Answer 2

Total number of deaths each year per 1000 & the population.

Question 3

Natural increase

Answer 3

When the birth rate is higher than the death rate, the total population increases.

Question 4

Natural decrease

Answer 4

When the death rate is higher than the birth rate, the total population decreases

Question 5

Demographic Transition Model

Answer 5

is a model that describes population change over time..

Question 6

Stage 1

Answer 6

Stage 1: high BR, High DR, Low total population eg Amazon Tribes.

Question 7

Stage 2

Answer 7

high BR, DR starting to fall, total population starts increasing eg.Afghanistan

Question 8

Stage 3

Answer 8

DR continuing decreasing, BR Starts to decreases, total population continues increasing eg. Bangladesh

Question 9

Stage 4

Answer 9

Low BR, Low DR, total population increases slowly.E.g Uk/USA

Question 10

Stage 5

Answer 10

BR lower than DR. Total population slowly decreases.eg. Japan

Question 11

Higher birth rates reasons

Answer 11

As a consequence of a high death rate & high IMR.More children are needed to work on farms so they need to survive to adulthood to help the family so the birth rate increases.

There is little or no family planning which can be because contraception is not socially acceptable or can be due to people unable to afford contraception.This means more babies are born so the birth rate increases.

Question 12

Higher death rate reasons

Answer 12

There is no vaccinations available. Babies can easy die from common diseases such as smallpox or measles. This meant meant more children got sick so the death rate is high.

Sanitation was very bad.There was no sewage systems & no clean water so more waterborne diseases such as cholera will spread.This means more people will get sick so the death rate is high.

Question 13

Low death rates reasons

Answer 13

More vaccinations available. These vaccinations help protect babies & from common diseases such as smallpox or measles. This means less children died due to sickness so the death rate decreased.

Improvements in Sanitation.eg. Sewage systems & clean running water. Fewer waterborne diseases such as cholera have been spread so less people died so the death rate decreased.

Question 14

Low birth rates reasons

Answer 14

Female emancipation. This means women will stay in education more to concentrate on their careers So they have less time to have children, so the birth rate decreases.E.g maternity leave will have a big affect on their job.

Mechanisms of farming is increased. More machines are available for farmers so they need less children/labor to work on farms. Manufacturing & Services is becoming more popular so the birth rate decreases.

Question 15

Age dependent social implications

Answer 15

Loneliness can be an issue for elderly people. Eg. g. Elderly women often live by themselves when their partner dies. This can cause many mental health problems such as depression.

Family life can be impacted. can be impacted. The children of these elderly people will have to make a difficult decision whether to put them carehomes or not. This can cause strain on family relationships causing stress.

Question 16

Age dependent economic implications

Answer 16

Lots of elderly people an be expensive for the government because of medical needs.E.g. health service needs to pay more for degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s.This puts pressure eon the government so they may have to increases taxes for the economically active to cover these costs.

The benefits elderly people are entitle to are expensive .People are living longer to 80s or 90s which can be expensive for the government.It puts pressure on the government so they may increase taxes for the economically active to cover these costs.

Question 17

Youth dependent social implications

Answer 17

Opportunities in education are limited especially in LEDCs.e.g the literacy rate in Indias slums is 28%.This prevents them from gaining skills for better jobs so they are unable to improve their standard of living in the future.

There is not enough doctors because of too much young patients.E.g It is 1 doctor per 314 patients in the Uk while in Zambia it is 1 per 1200.This means people can easily die form basic illnesses as they cannot get healthcare.

Question 18

Youth dependent economic implications

Answer 18

A larger youth dependent population will cause pressure on healthcare services as more children will need vaccinations, medicines and care. This will cost more money so the government may increase taxes for the economically active to cover these costs.

More Money will have to be invested into schools. This will mean employing more teachers and building schools to help the quality of education. This means the government may increases taxes for the economically active.

Question 19

Dependency rate

Answer 19

The balance between the working population (15-64) and the non-working population (age dependent)

Question 20

Economically active

Answer 20

The working population age 15-64

Question 21

LEDC population pyramid

Answer 21

Wide base suggests a high BR and high youth dependent population.

Concave sides shows a high DR and a high IMR.

Narrow tip shows a small age dependent population.

Pyramid is short suggests a low life expectancy

Question 22

MEDC population pyramid

Answer 22

Narrow base shows a low BR and a small youth dependent population.

Straight sides show a constant population so low DR.

Wider tip shows a high age dependent population.

Pyramid is tall suggests a high life expectancy.

Question 23

Migration

Answer 23

The permanent movement of people through a country/area

Question 24

Immigration

Answer 24

When people move into an area/country

Question 25

Emigration

Answer 25

When people move out of a country/area

Question 26

Push factors

Answer 26

In some areas there may be frequent natural disasters.E.g in the Philippines they often experience storms and typhoons.There is a higher risk of death and diseases in the area so people move out to escape it.

War/conflict can force people to move.E.g The Syrian war forces refuges to move to Greece.They are unsafe and constantly under the threat of violence and danger which encourages them to leave.

Low income and lack of job opportunities encourage people to leave.This means they earn less money so they struggle getting basic needs such as food and clothes, making them want to leave.

Question 27

Pull factors

Answer 27

There is more educational opportunities.E.g.They are able to go to university and gain professional qualifications.This means they can get high-skilled jobs so earn more money.

There are better employment opportunities.This can attract migrants as they can get higher paid so it can help them earn more money.E.g.Indian doctors in the Uk because of higher wages.

The healthcare is better.There is fewer diseases such as measles which allows them to be healthy and live a longer life expectancy which allows them to concentrate on their career.

Question 28

Human barriers to migration

Answer 28

Migrants must have the correct documentation to enter another country.E.g.Applying for a visa can take a lot of time and can be expensive .

Border protection can prevent migrants form entering illegally without a visa/passport.They patrol along the walls and fences.

Question 29

Physical barrier to migration

Answer 29

Seas and Oceans can be a barriers as they are dangerous and hard to cross.E.g Many Syrian refugees drown in the Mediterranean Sea when trying to get to Greece.

Deserts and mountains can be a barrier as they are difficult and dangerous to cross.

Question 30

Economic migrant vs refugee

Answer 30

An economic migrant has voluntarily moved to a new country to ensure a better quality of life. This means they move due to more economic opportunities E.g.higher wages.A refugee is someone forced to move from their home country due to natural disasters or persecution.They move as they feel unsafe in their home country.

Question 31

Syrian refugees in Greece Case study

Answer 31

Refugees from countries including Syria, Iraq and Somalia face challenges as well as the destination country they are travelling to such as Greece.

To cross the border in Greece, the refugees will have to take a dangerous journey across the Mediterranean Sea.They travel in boats which are overcrowded and of poor condition making them unsafe.Some do not survive the journey.
Camps are often overcrowded and unsanitary.At the camp in Lesbos, 20,000 refugees are living in a space designed for 3000.Up to 70 people have to share one toilet.30 people live in a container with no electricity or running water.

Greece’s unemployment levels are high.(18% in 2020) which makes it one of the poorest countries in the EU.The increase in the number of refugees will result in strain for Greece’s economy as they have to supply basic services and resources for arriving refugees.
Some local people believe that the refugees are having a negative impact on tourism in Greece.Many local people in Greece fear that the refugees will take their tourism jobs,As a result, The Golden Dawn party has become more popular in recent years.They attack migrants and cause tensions in Greece, which puts pressure on the police service.

Both the refugees and the destination country face challenges