Contrasts In World Development

Question 1

Development def

Answer 1

The wealth and quality of life of a country measured by economic and social indicators.

Question 2

Economic indicator

Answer 2

Measures wealth and money of a country.E.g. GNI per person, % of people employed in primary industries.

Question 3

Social indicator

Answer 3

How people live, well-being and quality of life in a country.E.g. Life expectancy, number of doctors per patients, infant mortality rate.

Question 4

Development gap

Answer 4

The division between areas in terms of wealth and quality of life, E.g. MEDCS & LEDCS

Question 5

GNI per capita

Answer 5

Economic indicator.
The Gross National Income of a person measures the total economic value of goods and services produced by the country divided by the country’s population. The higher the GNI the higher development.E.g. In the UK is $48,000 & in Kenya is $2,200.

Question 6

Life expectancy

Answer 6

Social indicator.
The average age in which a person is expected to live to.The higher it is means the country is more developed because of better healthcare. E.g. in the Uk is 82 & in Kenya is 62.

Question 7

Number of doctors per patients

Answer 7

Shows how easily a people in a country can have access to a doctor.People in LEDCS have less access to doctors.E.g. In Zambia it is 1 doctor per 1200 patients while in the UK is 1 doctor per 314 patients.

Question 8

% people employed in primary activities

Answer 8

Economic indicator.
A more developed country will have more people in the tertiary and quaternary sectors while in less developed countries have more in primary sectors.

Question 9

Adult literacy

Answer 9

Social indicator
% of adults that can read & write. The higher % shows a more education population showing higher development.E.g. In UK is 99% & in Kenya is 82%.

Question 10

Infant Mortality rate (IMR)

Answer 10

Social indicator.
The number of babies that die under the age of 1 per 1000 live births.The higher less developed.E.g. In Uk is 5 and in Kenya is 61

Question 11

Problems with social and economic indicators

Answer 11

Many indicators are averages for the whole country which means there may be inequalities between different areas.e.g. In Metro Manila in the Philippines is very rich but outside the city are slums and poverty.

Some information may be outdated or unreliable.This is because censuses only happen every few years and it may be difficult to get information from the countryside.

Some social indicators are directly linked to wealth which may be inaccurate as it can be wrong.e.g. Women inequality in Saudi Arabia is common but they are actually rich.

Question 12

HDI (Human Development Index)

Answer 12

A composite more rounded measure of development which combines both social and economic indicators.e.g life expectancy, GNI per capita, Adult literacy rate.A score from 0-1 is given where closer to 1 is more developed while closer to 0 is less developed.HDI for UK is 0.9 & in Niger is 0.4

Question 13

Evaluate HDI

Answer 13

It is a composite measure so it includes both social and economic indicators. This allows a more rounded picture of development which is more accurate measuring the quality of life of a country.
However, some people think that wealth has too much importance in HDI and it should consider environment and wellbeing more.

Question 14

How historical factors hinder development

Answer 14

Colonialism: when a country takes full or partial political control over another country, occupying it and exploiting its resources.e.g. When India was ruled by Britain from 1857-1947, they exploited cotton for a low price them brought it back to the UK.This meant that India depended on exporting raw materials so they were unable to develop other industries.

Question 15

How environmental factors hinder development

Answer 15

E.g Drought can hinder development as the crop yields decline, meaning farmers lose their source of income which can cause a lower quality of life and diseases such as malnutrition and starvation. In Ethiopia drought has affected nearly 10 million people.

LEDC countries that often experience natural disasters can be difficult to developed.This is because the government will have to spend money repairing buildings, providing aid etc.
This means they cannot spend money on education and infrastructure to develop the country.e.g. The Philippines are finding it hard to develop because of frequent storms and typhoons.

Question 16

How dependence on primary activities (natural resources) can hinder development

Answer 16

If bad weather or natural disasters destroys a crop means the country will have nothing to export so they cannot develop.
The price of natural resources can change making it harder for the government to plan ahead. e.g 85% of Zambias exports were copper. In 2006 the price was $3.5 per lbs but in 2008 it dropped to $1.2 per lbs.This meant Zambia lost a lot of income making it harder to develop.

Question 17

How debt can hinder development

Answer 17

When LEDCs borrow money form MEDCs, the interest rates are very high. This means that they have to repay the debt by reducing the amount of money they spend on education & and healthcare which are needed to develop.e.g. Ecuador borrowed $3 billion in 1970 & now owes $34 billion as the interest rates are so high.

Question 18

Sustainable development Goals

Answer 18

17 goals by countries globally to try and improve the quality of life and maintain resources for the future.

Question 19

Goal 1 : No poverty

Answer 19

Goal 1 tries to end poverty in all of its forms everywhere. The goal aims
to get rid of poverty so that fewer people are living on less than $1.25 a day.
This would be done to make sure that all people have access to jobs and
services and can own their own land and property.

Question 20

Goal 3 : Good Health and Well being

Answer 20

Goal 3 is good health and well-being. By 2030 this goal aims to end the
epidemic of aids, malaria and other neglected tropical diseases. Through
research and development and improved accessibility to medicines,
healthcare in many LEDC regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa will improve.
This will result in life expectancies improving and infant mortality rates
decreasing globally.

Question 21

Goal 8 : Decent work and economic growth

Answer 21

It aims to have sustainable economic growth and employment for all through development of small enterprises and sustainable tourism. This will result in safe working conditions for all and at least 7% GDP growth for LEDCs.

Question 22

Appropriate technology

Answer 22

A technology that involves small-scale technology which can be controlled and maintained by local people using local local resources at low costs.

General ideas:
Fewer resources needed
Easier to repair
Costs less to buy & run
Low impact on the environment

Question 23

Hippo roller case study

Answer 23

The hippo roller was created in 1991 & is a 90 litre drum used to help carrying water long distances in LEDCs.
It is successful as it can carry 5 times more water than a single bucket, which can save time & energy especially for women and children when transporting water.
It is also successful as it improves health & hygiene. The barrel is secure which helps avoid contamination and the barrel is rolled along the ground so it helps avoid neck and back injuries.

However, the cost for a hippo roller is $125 which is still very expensive for people in LEDCs. This means they will have to rely on charities and donations which can be hard to get.
Also, due to the shape of the Hippo Roller it can be difficult to fill in shallow water.

Overall, the hippo roller is successful as it helps improve the quality of life in LEDCs. However, the cost of one may be a challenge for people in LEDCs.

Question 24

Fair trade def

Answer 24

Fair trade is a type of trade where producers in a LEDCs get a fair wage for their products and which promotes environmental protection.

Question 25

Advantages of fair trade for LEDCs

Answer 25

It guarantees a minimum wage for the harvests of these small farmers. E.g. banana farmers in Ecuador get $2.50 per 20kg if they sell to the La Guelpa collective which is part of fair trade, rather than $1 per 20kg if they sell trough a middleman. This money lets them afford basic services such as food, water and electricity which helps improve their standard of living.

Fairtrade can help farmers get access to cheap loans so they can invest in machinery and appropriate technology. E.g. banana farmers in Ecuador. The use of machinery will make the farms more profitable so they earn more money, improving their standard of life.

Fairtrade can provide money to farmers to set standards which encourage environmental protection. E.g. to stop deforestation in the Amazon rainforest or reduce the use of pesticides. This helps LEDCs earn more money and also develop sustainably for the future, improving their quality of life.

Question 26

Globalisation def

Answer 26

The way in which countries all over the world link together by trade, ideas and technology.

Question 27

BRICS

Answer 27

Brazil
Russia
India
China
South Africa

They are large, rapidly growing economies that contain half of the worlds population and 20% of the worlds GDP.

Question 28

Multinational Corporations (MNCs)

Answer 28

companies which have branches /factories in many countries. e.g. Adidas, Nike, McDonalds.

Question 29

How globalisation may help development

Answer 29

Globalisation allows MNCs to invest in LEDCs such as India. They build factories which provides jobs that pay more than the local average. This allows the workers to afford basic services like food, water and electricity which reduces poverty and improves their standard of life.

Question 30

How globalisation may hinder development

Answer 30

The MNCs take out most of the profit out of the LEDC which means less money for the government. This means they have less money to invest into infrastructure, healthcare or education. This makes it hard for the LEDC to develop and improve their standard of life.