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Understanding Research > Population Measures Of dental health > Flashcards

Population Measures Of dental health Flashcards

1
Q

Define Oral Health

A

A standard of health of the oral and related tissues which enable an individual to eat, speak or socialize without active disease, discomfort or embarrassment and which contributes to general well being

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2
Q

What is the impact of poor oral health on society

A

Cost to government
Reduced educational performance
Reduced workforce productivity
Reduction in country’s economy

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3
Q

In a rank of most expensive disease to treat, where does oral disease fall

A

4th most expensive

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4
Q

List five common oral diseases/conditions

A 
Dental caries
Peridontal (gum) disease
Oral trauma
Oral Cancer
Fluorosis
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5
Q

What is the most common childhood disease on the planet

A

Dental Caries

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6
Q

What is the most common NCD (non communicable disease)

A

Dental Caries

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7
Q

List one specific micro-organism that causes Caries

A

Streptococcus Mutans

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8
Q

List one type of food that causes dental caries

A

Fermentable Carbohydrates

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9
Q

What are three etiologies of Dental Caries

A

Bacteria/Plaque
Sugars in the diet
Passage of time

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10
Q

List three types of cavities in dental caries

A

Pit and fissure cavity
Smooth surface cavity
Root cavity

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11
Q

What is the difference between gingivitis and periodontitis

A

Gingivitis is reversible inflammation of the gum, while periodontitis is irreversible inflammation of gum and bone loss

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12
Q

True or False

Periodontitis precedes Gingivitis

A

False

Gingivitis precedes periodontitis

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13
Q

True or False

All gingivitis progresses to periodontitis

A

False

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14
Q

What are five aetiologies of Peridontal Disease

A 
Poor Oral Hygiene Habits
Genetics
Smoking
Diabetes
Hormonal Changes
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15
Q

Define Plaque

A

Soft deposits that form the biofilm adhering to the tooth surface or other hard surfaces in the oral cavity

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16
Q

Soft deposits that form the biofilm adhering to the tooth surface or other hard surfaces in the oral cavity

A

Plaque

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17
Q

Define Calculus

A

Hard concretion that forms on teeth or dental prostheses through calcification of bacterial plaque

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18
Q

Hard concretion that forms on teeth or dental prostheses through calcification of bacterial plaque

A

Calculus

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19
Q

What is the leading cause of edentulousness in the world

A

Gum disease

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20
Q

In the US approximately how many teeth are knocked out when children play sports per year

A

5 million

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21
Q

True or False

Boys are twice as likely to experience dental trauma as gurls

A

true

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22
Q

What is the aetiology of oral cancer

A

Smoking/ Tobacco use
Alcohol
Betel nut, snuff, reverse smoking

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23
Q

What is the increase in risk of oral cancer when tobacco and alcohol use are combined

A

15 times

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24
Q

Smoking is associated with what percentage of oral cancer cases

A

75%

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25
Q

What is the mortality rate of Oral Cancer

A

Very high Mortality (because it is usually detected late)

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26
Q

What is the average 5yr survival rate of oral cancer

A

50%

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27
Q

Is the incidence of Oral Cancer higher in males or females

A

Males

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28
Q

What is Fluorosis

A

A permanent hypomineralization of the enamel

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29
Q

A permanent hypomineralization of the enamel

A

Fluorosis

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30
Q

What are three signs of Fluorosis

A

Mottled enamel
Chalky
Opaque

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31
Q

Mottled enamel, chalky and opaque are signs of Fluorosis

What are signs of severe Fluorosis

A

More obvious mottling,
Yellow or brown stains
Pitting
Hypoplastic enamel that flakes off easily

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32
Q

True or False

Flouride is highly effective against dental caries

A

True

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33
Q

When was salt Fluoridation introduced to Jamaica

A

1987

freeflosalt

34
Q

What is an index

A

An instrument that enables the quantity of a disease or a state to be measured

35
Q

What is the role of using indices jn oral health population measurement

A

Allows comparison between different studies and between different populations

36
Q

What is an advantage of using indices

A

Despite their limitations, trends may be identified

37
Q

State 4 specific uses of indices

A

Determine prevalence of diseases and conditions

Determine efficacy of interventions

Patient education and motivation

Monitoring of health

38
Q

What are 8 properties of an ideal index

A 
Simple
Objective 
Quantifyable
Reproducible
Reliable
Valid
Sensitive 
Acceptable
39
Q

List five commonly used dental indices

A

DMFT / decay missing filled teeth for dental caries

Dean’s Fluorosis index for Fluorosis

Plaque index

Bleeding index

CPITN/BPE (community peridontal index of treatment needs/Basic Peridontal Examination) for peridontal disease

40
Q

Which index is used for measuring dental caries

A

DMFT / decay missing filled teeth

41
Q

Which index is used to measure Fluorosis

A

Dean’s Fluorosis index

42
Q

Which index is used to measure peridontal disease

A

CPITN/BPE (community peridontal index of treatment needs/Basic Peridontal Examination) for peridontal disease

43
Q

How is a DMFT index test carried out

A

1) mouth mirror and probe used to detect caries/decay (D/d)
2) Teeth are checked for fillings (F/f) and missing teeth (M/m)

Each tooth is assigned a score and DMFT/dmft is the total

44
Q

What are the exclusion criteria for DMFT idices

A 
3rd molars (congenitally missing)
Teeth extracted (not due to caries)
Filled for any other reason than caries
Teeth restored for cosmetic reason
Supernumerary teeth
45
Q

In DMFT indices

How many times is one tooth counted

A

Once

46
Q

In DMFT indices

How are the decayed, missing and filled teeth recorded

A

Seperately

47
Q

In DMFT indices

Is recurrent caries counted as decay

A

Yes

48
Q

In DMFT indices

Are extraction indicated teeth included as missing

A

Yes

49
Q

Can DMFT indices be tested on children

A

No

50
Q

How is individual DMFT index calculated

A

Each component ( decay, missing & filling) is totaled separately and then summed (D+M+F)

51
Q

How is group average DMFT index taken

A

Sum of D + M+ F
————————-
Number of individuals in the group

52
Q

How is the “percent needing care” in DMFT indices calculated

A

Total number of decayed tooth
——————————————-
Total number examined

53
Q

How is the “percent of teeth lost” in DMFT indices calculated

A

Total number of missing teeth
——————————————
Total number examined

54
Q

How is the “percent of filled teeth” in DMFT indices calculated

A

Total number of filled teeth
————————————
Total number of teeth examined

55
Q

Describe the DEF index for children before the age of exfoliation (5-9)

A

d- indicates the number of deciduous teeth decayed
e- indicates deciduous teeth extracted due to caries & indicated for extraction
f- indicates restored teeth without recurrent delay

56
Q

For a child with mixed dentition which DMFT test is done

A

Both DMFT and def are done separately and never mixed

57
Q

What are 6 limitations of DMFT indices

A

DMFT values are not related to the number of teeth at risk

Can be invalid in older patients because teeth can become list for reasons other than caries

Can be misleading in children whose teeth lost due to orthodontic reasons

Can overestimate caries

Little use in root caries

Records not only current disease but previous disease

58
Q

What is the scale for CPITN index

A

0- if No peridontal disease
1- if bleeding on gentle probing
2- if Calculus felt during the probing
3- if Peridontal pocket depth between 3.5-5.5mm
4- if Peridontal pocket depth 6mm or more

59
Q

What is the characteristic given to CPITN=0

A

No peridontal disease

60
Q

What is the characteristic given to CPITN=1

A

if bleeding on gentle probing

61
Q

What is the characteristic given to CPITN =2

A

if Calculus felt during the probing

62
Q

What is the characteristic given to CPITN =3

A

if Peridontal pocket depth between 3.5-5.5mm

63
Q

What is the characteristic given to CPITN =4

A
  • if Peridontal pocket depth 6mm or more
64
Q

What are two limitations of BPE (basic peridontal Examination index)

A

Peridontal disease does not simply progress from simple gingivitis to sever peridontal disease

Measures disease as opposed to health

65
Q

What was the mean percentage for sound permanent teeth for all age groups in 1995 (after salt fluoridation)

A

90%

66
Q

What was the percentage of children caries free in 1984 (before salt fluoridation)

A

27.6%

67
Q

What percentage of children were caries free in 1995 (after salt-fluoridation)

A

61%

68
Q

What are the Examination findings for a Code 0 BPE

A

No pockets exceeding 3 mm, no calculus or overhangs and no bleeding on gentle probing

69
Q

What is the clinical condition of Code 0 BPE

A

Peridontal Health

70
Q

What is the code and clinical condition for these Examination findings

“No pockets exceeding 3 mm, no calculus or overhangs and no bleeding on gentle probing”

A

Code 0

Peridontal Health

71
Q

What are the Examination findings for CODE 1 BPE

A

Color the band of probe remains totally visible indicating no pockets exceeding 3 mm,
no calculus or overhangs but
bleeding presents on gentle probing

72
Q

What is the Clinical Condition for Code 1 BPE

A

Gingivitis

73
Q

What is the Code and Clinical Condition of
“Color band of probe remains totally visible indicating no pockets exceeding 3 mm, no calculus or overhangs but bleeding presents on gentle probing”

A

Code 1

Gingivitis

74
Q

What are the Examination findings for Code 2 BPE

A

Colored bands remains totally visible indicating no pockets exceeding 3 mm, but calculus or other plaque retentive factors found at or below the gingival margin

75
Q

What is the clinical condition for Code 2 BPE

A

Gingivitis complication by local risk factors

76
Q

What is the code and Clinical Condition associated with
“Colored bands remains totally visible indicating no pockets exceeding 3 mm, but calculus or other plaque retentive factors found at or below the gingival margin”

A

Code 2

Gingivitis Complicated by local risk factors

77
Q

Describe the Examination findings of Code 3 BPE

A

Colored found on probe means partially visible when inserted into the deepest pocket indicating pocket that’s greater than 3.5 mm but less than 5.5 mm

78
Q

What is the Clinical Condition in Code 3 BPE

A

Mild Periodontitis

79
Q

What is the Code and Clinical Condition associated with
“Colored found on probe means partially visible when inserted into the deepest pocket indicating pocket that’s greater than 3.5 mm but less than 5.5 mins”

A

Code 3

Mild Peritonitis

80
Q

What are the Examination findings for Code 4 BPE

A

Colored band on pool disappears indicating a pocket of at least 6 mm in depth

81
Q

What is the clinical condition for Code 4 BPE

A

Moderate or Advanced Periodontitis

82
Q

What is the BPE code and Clinical Condition associated with

“Colored band on pool disappears indicating a pocket of at least 6 mm in depth”

A

Code 4

Moderate or Advanced Periodontitis

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