Population Measures Of dental health Flashcards by Shadekiel Kassie

Define Oral Health

A standard of health of the oral and related tissues which enable an individual to eat, speak or socialize without active disease, discomfort or embarrassment and which contributes to general well being

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What is the impact of poor oral health on society

Cost to government
Reduced educational performance
Reduced workforce productivity
Reduction in country’s economy

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In a rank of most expensive disease to treat, where does oral disease fall

4th most expensive

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List five common oral diseases/conditions

Dental caries
Peridontal (gum) disease
Oral trauma
Oral Cancer
Fluorosis

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What is the most common childhood disease on the planet

Dental Caries

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What is the most common NCD (non communicable disease)

Dental Caries

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List one specific micro-organism that causes Caries

Streptococcus Mutans

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List one type of food that causes dental caries

Fermentable Carbohydrates

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What are three etiologies of Dental Caries

Bacteria/Plaque
Sugars in the diet
Passage of time

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List three types of cavities in dental caries

Pit and fissure cavity
Smooth surface cavity
Root cavity

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What is the difference between gingivitis and periodontitis

Gingivitis is reversible inflammation of the gum, while periodontitis is irreversible inflammation of gum and bone loss

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True or False

Periodontitis precedes Gingivitis

False

Gingivitis precedes periodontitis

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True or False

All gingivitis progresses to periodontitis

False

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What are five aetiologies of Peridontal Disease

Poor Oral Hygiene Habits
Genetics
Smoking
Diabetes
Hormonal Changes

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Define Plaque

Soft deposits that form the biofilm adhering to the tooth surface or other hard surfaces in the oral cavity

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Soft deposits that form the biofilm adhering to the tooth surface or other hard surfaces in the oral cavity

Plaque

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Define Calculus

Hard concretion that forms on teeth or dental prostheses through calcification of bacterial plaque

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Hard concretion that forms on teeth or dental prostheses through calcification of bacterial plaque

Calculus

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What is the leading cause of edentulousness in the world

Gum disease

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In the US approximately how many teeth are knocked out when children play sports per year

5 million

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True or False

Boys are twice as likely to experience dental trauma as gurls

true

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What is the aetiology of oral cancer

Smoking/ Tobacco use
Alcohol
Betel nut, snuff, reverse smoking

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What is the increase in risk of oral cancer when tobacco and alcohol use are combined

15 times

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Smoking is associated with what percentage of oral cancer cases

75%

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What is the mortality rate of Oral Cancer

Very high Mortality (because it is usually detected late)

What is the average 5yr survival rate of oral cancer

50%

Is the incidence of Oral Cancer higher in males or females

Males

What is Fluorosis

A permanent hypomineralization of the enamel

Fluorosis

What are three signs of Fluorosis

Mottled enamel Chalky Opaque

Mottled enamel, chalky and opaque are signs of Fluorosis What are signs of severe Fluorosis

More obvious mottling, Yellow or brown stains Pitting Hypoplastic enamel that flakes off easily

True or False Flouride is highly effective against dental caries

True

When was salt Fluoridation introduced to Jamaica

1987 | freeflosalt

What is an index

An instrument that enables the quantity of a disease or a state to be measured

What is the role of using indices jn oral health population measurement

Allows comparison between different studies and between different populations

What is an advantage of using indices

Despite their limitations, trends may be identified

State 4 specific uses of indices

Determine prevalence of diseases and conditions Determine efficacy of interventions Patient education and motivation Monitoring of health

What are 8 properties of an ideal index

``` Simple Objective Quantifyable Reproducible Reliable Valid Sensitive Acceptable ```

List five commonly used dental indices

DMFT / decay missing filled teeth for dental caries Dean’s Fluorosis index for Fluorosis Plaque index Bleeding index CPITN/BPE (community peridontal index of treatment needs/Basic Peridontal Examination) for peridontal disease

Which index is used for measuring dental caries

DMFT / decay missing filled teeth

Which index is used to measure Fluorosis

Dean’s Fluorosis index

Which index is used to measure peridontal disease

CPITN/BPE (community peridontal index of treatment needs/Basic Peridontal Examination) for peridontal disease

How is a DMFT index test carried out

1) mouth mirror and probe used to detect caries/decay (D/d) 2) Teeth are checked for fillings (F/f) and missing teeth (M/m) Each tooth is assigned a score and DMFT/dmft is the total

What are the exclusion criteria for DMFT idices

``` 3rd molars (congenitally missing) Teeth extracted (not due to caries) Filled for any other reason than caries Teeth restored for cosmetic reason Supernumerary teeth ```

In DMFT indices | How many times is one tooth counted

Once

In DMFT indices | How are the decayed, missing and filled teeth recorded

Seperately

In DMFT indices Is recurrent caries counted as decay

Yes

In DMFT indices Are extraction indicated teeth included as missing

Yes

Can DMFT indices be tested on children

How is individual DMFT index calculated

Each component ( decay, missing & filling) is totaled separately and then summed (D+M+F)

How is group average DMFT index taken

Sum of D + M+ F ————————- Number of individuals in the group

How is the “percent needing care” in DMFT indices calculated

Total number of decayed tooth ——————————————- Total number examined

How is the “percent of teeth lost” in DMFT indices calculated

Total number of missing teeth —————————————— Total number examined

How is the “percent of filled teeth” in DMFT indices calculated

Total number of filled teeth ———————————— Total number of teeth examined

Describe the DEF index for children before the age of exfoliation (5-9)

d- indicates the number of deciduous teeth decayed e- indicates deciduous teeth extracted due to caries & indicated for extraction f- indicates restored teeth without recurrent delay

For a child with mixed dentition which DMFT test is done

Both DMFT and def are done separately and never mixed

What are 6 limitations of DMFT indices

DMFT values are not related to the number of teeth at risk Can be invalid in older patients because teeth can become list for reasons other than caries Can be misleading in children whose teeth lost due to orthodontic reasons Can overestimate caries Little use in root caries Records not only current disease but previous disease

What is the scale for CPITN index

0- if No peridontal disease 1- if bleeding on gentle probing 2- if Calculus felt during the probing 3- if Peridontal pocket depth between 3.5-5.5mm 4- if Peridontal pocket depth 6mm or more

What is the characteristic given to CPITN=0

No peridontal disease

What is the characteristic given to CPITN=1

if bleeding on gentle probing

What is the characteristic given to CPITN =2

if Calculus felt during the probing

What is the characteristic given to CPITN =3

if Peridontal pocket depth between 3.5-5.5mm

What is the characteristic given to CPITN =4

- if Peridontal pocket depth 6mm or more

What are two limitations of BPE (basic peridontal Examination index)

Peridontal disease does not simply progress from simple gingivitis to sever peridontal disease Measures disease as opposed to health

What was the mean percentage for sound permanent teeth for all age groups in 1995 (after salt fluoridation)

90%

What was the percentage of children caries free in 1984 (before salt fluoridation)

27.6%

What percentage of children were caries free in 1995 (after salt-fluoridation)

61%

What are the Examination findings for a Code 0 BPE

No pockets exceeding 3 mm, no calculus or overhangs and no bleeding on gentle probing

What is the clinical condition of Code 0 BPE

Peridontal Health

What is the code and clinical condition for these Examination findings “No pockets exceeding 3 mm, no calculus or overhangs and no bleeding on gentle probing”

Code 0 | Peridontal Health

What are the Examination findings for CODE 1 BPE

Color the band of probe remains totally visible indicating no pockets exceeding 3 mm, no calculus or overhangs but bleeding presents on gentle probing

What is the Clinical Condition for Code 1 BPE

Gingivitis

What is the Code and Clinical Condition of “Color band of probe remains totally visible indicating no pockets exceeding 3 mm, no calculus or overhangs but bleeding presents on gentle probing”

Code 1 | Gingivitis

What are the Examination findings for Code 2 BPE

Colored bands remains totally visible indicating no pockets exceeding 3 mm, but calculus or other plaque retentive factors found at or below the gingival margin

What is the clinical condition for Code 2 BPE

Gingivitis complication by local risk factors

What is the code and Clinical Condition associated with “Colored bands remains totally visible indicating no pockets exceeding 3 mm, but calculus or other plaque retentive factors found at or below the gingival margin”

Code 2 Gingivitis Complicated by local risk factors

Describe the Examination findings of Code 3 BPE

Colored found on probe means partially visible when inserted into the deepest pocket indicating pocket that’s greater than 3.5 mm but less than 5.5 mm

What is the Clinical Condition in Code 3 BPE

Mild Periodontitis

What is the Code and Clinical Condition associated with “Colored found on probe means partially visible when inserted into the deepest pocket indicating pocket that’s greater than 3.5 mm but less than 5.5 mins”

Code 3 | Mild Peritonitis

What are the Examination findings for Code 4 BPE

Colored band on pool disappears indicating a pocket of at least 6 mm in depth

What is the clinical condition for Code 4 BPE

Moderate or Advanced Periodontitis

What is the BPE code and Clinical Condition associated with | “Colored band on pool disappears indicating a pocket of at least 6 mm in depth”

Code 4 | Moderate or Advanced Periodontitis