Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

understanding research > Defining Abnormality > Flashcards

Defining Abnormality Flashcards

1
Q

Define Epidemiology

A

The study of distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations and application of this study to control health problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is health

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social well- being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are three criteria for establishing abnormality

A

Abnormal as infrequent occurrence
Abnormal as associated with disease/death/disability
Abnormal as treatable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the Statistical definition of Normal

A

Normal distribution:
Frequent (common as normal)
Within 2 SDs above and below mean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the Statistical definition of abnormal

A

Values beyond 2 SDs above and below the mean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List four reasons that the statistical definition of Abnormal can be misleading

A
  • Some illnesses more prevalent than others
  • association with disease may be important only at extreme values
  • some extreme values are beneficial
  • some illnesses have no threshold at which risk of ill-health/ death starts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the equation for Sensitivity of a test for disease according to Gold Standard

A

a/a+c

Where

a: true positives
c: false negatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the equation of Specificity of a disease according to Gold Standard

A

Specificity

d/b+d

Where

b: false positives
d: true negatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the equation for percentage true positive values in a test for disease

A

a/a+b

Where a is true positive
b is false positives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the equation for percentage true negative values in a test for disease

A

d/c+d

Where c is false negatives and d is true negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What us done to minimize false negatives in the test for disease

A

Cut-off shifted to minimize false negatives
Continuum shifted to the left
Ie optimise sensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are consequences of shifting the cut off to minimize false negatives

A

Specificity reduced

A negative result from a sensitive test rules out the diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What changes are made to minimize false positives in testing for disease

A

Cut-off shifted to the right to minimize false positives and optimize specificity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the consequences of minimizing false positives by shifting the cut off to the right

A

Sensitivity is reduced

Positive result from a specific test rules in the diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

For the criterium that states “Abnormal =Treatable”

What is the point at which the individual is designated abnormal

A

At a point at which treatment leads to better outcome (treatment does more good than harm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the basic premise of epidemiology

A

Disease does not occur at random, but pattern of disease reflects the operation of underlying factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the significance of understanding the distribution of disease

A

We can understand the aetiogy of disease and therefore how OR if need to investigate, treat or prevent it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define descriptive epidemiology

A

Study of the occurrence and distribution of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the difference between Descriptive and Analytic Epidemiology

A

Descriptive Epidemiology identifies and reports on both the frequency and pattern of health events (what who where when)

While

Analytic Epidemiology searches for determinants of health outcomes (how why)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the three objectives of Descriptive Epidemiology

A

Permit evaluation of trends in health and disease

Provide a basis for planning, provision and evaluation of health services

Identify problems to be studied by analytic method

21
Q

What are the three pillars of Descriptive Epidemiology

A

Person
Place
Time

22
Q

“Person” is a pillar of Descriptive Epidemiology

List aspects of Demographic

A 
Age 
Sex
Marital status
Ethnic group
Race
Socioeconomic Status (social class, occupation,employment status, crowding)
23
Q

“Person” is a pillar of Descriptive Epidemiology

List aspects of Lifestyle/Behavior

A 
Alcohol
Smoking
Exercise
Religion
Stress
Nutritional Status
24
Q

Describe the significance of the pillar “place” in Descriptive Epidemiology

A

Where person was exposed or source of infection

  • Geographical boundaries
  • Clustering
  • Effects of Migration
  • International comparisons
25
Q

Who is called the “Father of Epidemiology “

A

John Snow

26
Q

What are the six types of time trends in Epidemiology

A 
Seasonal
Secular
Periodic
Endemic
Epidemic 
Pandemic
27
Q

Describe Seasonal time in relation to Epidemiology

A

Time variation related to seasons of the year

28
Q

Describe Secular trends in relation to Epidemiology

A

Long term trends of disease

29
Q

Describe Periodic time in relation to Epidemiology

A

Temporary interruption of the general trend of secular variations

30
Q

Describe Endemic in relation to Epidemiology

A

Expected level of health events in a specific population in a defined area for that time

31
Q

Describe Epidemic in relation to Epidemiology

A

Increase in incidence above the expected level in a defined geographic area within a defined time period

32
Q

Describe Pandemic in relation to Epidemiology

A

A world wide epidemic affecting an exceptionally high proportion of the global population

33
Q

What kind of chart is ideal for an Epidemiology curve

A

Histogram

34
Q

List four Descriptive study designs for individuals

A
  • Case Report
  • Case Series Report
  • Cross sectional report
  • Surveillance studies
35
Q

List one Descriptive study designs for populations

A

Ecological studies

36
Q

What is a case report

A

A report of a single individual (or group of individuals with the same diagnosis)

37
Q

What is an advantage of a case report

A

Cases can be aggregated from disparate sources to generate hypothesis and describe new syndromes

38
Q

What is one limitation of case studies

A

Can’t test for statistical association because there is no relevant comparison group

39
Q

Define cross sectional studies

A

AKA prevalence studies measure disease and exposure simultaneously in a well defined population

40
Q

What are two advantages of cross sectional studies

A

Studies cut across the general population, not simply those seeking medical care

41
Q

What are two limitations of cross sectional studies

A

You cannot determine whether exposure preceded disease

Since prevalent rather than incident cases determined, results will be influenced by survival factors

42
Q

What is the purpose of Public Health Surveillance

A

Ongoing, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice, closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those responsible for prevention and control

43
Q

Describe Ecological Studies

A

These studies use measures that represent characteristics of entire populations (rather than a focus on individuals) to describe outcomes in relation to some factor of interest such as age, time, utilization of services or exposure

44
Q

What are two major types of Ecological studies

A 
Ecologic comparison (cross sectional studies)
Ecologic trend studies
45
Q

List two advantages of Ecological studies

A

Generates hypotheses for analytic studies

Can target high risk populations, time periods, or geographic regions for future studies

46
Q

What are two limitations of Ecological studies

A

Group data - therefore cannot link disease and exposure in individuals

Avoid drawing inappropriate conclusions

47
Q

What is Ecological Fallacy

A

The incorrect attribution of population level associations to individuals in a population

48
Q

What is atomistic fallacy

A

The incorrect attribution of individual associations to population level associations

49
Q

What are the 10 steps in outbreak Investigations

A
  • establishing the existence of an outbreak
  • preparing for fieldwork
  • verifying diagnosis
  • defining and identifying cases
  • using descriptive Epidemiology
  • developing hypotheses
  • evaluating the hypotheses
  • implementing control and prevention measures
  • communicating findings

understanding research (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions