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ENV SOC 1HB3 > Population, Heath and Migration > Flashcards

Population, Heath and Migration Flashcards

1
Q

Demography

A

The study of human populations

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2
Q

arithmetic (crude) density

A

the total number of people per unit of area. Impacted by large areas that are uninhabitable. Most common way to measure

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3
Q

Physiological density

A

population per unit of cultivable (arable) land

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4
Q

Population growth rate (global)

A

~1$ per year (1.14% in 2018) if continue growth rate will have 16 billion in 54 years (doubling time)

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5
Q

Doubling time

A

the number of years required for the population of an area to double its present size, given the current rate of population growth

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6
Q

Where will population growth occur primarily

A

mostly in the less developed areas
less than 10% of births are in more developed world

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7
Q

what are consequences of population growth in the MDV vs LDW

A

MDW: less population growth, but greater environmental consequences –> consume and pollute more
LDW: high population impacts on access to food, healthcare, water, energy, ect–> poverty and conflict?

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8
Q

overpopulation

A

a belief that an area’s population exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living; can apply to local areas or the entire planet.
-recognition that the environment can only sustain a certain population size
-what does a “decent standard of living” mean- is that the same everywhere.

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9
Q

Carrying capacity

A

the maximum population that can be supported by a given set of resources and a given level of technology

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10
Q

catastrophists

A

those of the view that population increases and continuing environmental deterioration are leading to a nightmarish future of environmental catastrophe, including flooding, mass extinctions, food shortages, disease and conflict.
ie David Suzuki

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11
Q

Cornucopians

A

Those who argue that advances in science and technology, along with cultural adaptation will continue to create resources sufficient to support the growing world population and mitigate environmental change
ie Elon Musk

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12
Q

fertility

A

a population’s natrual capability of having children; measured by the number of live births produced by a woman

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13
Q

formula of population calculation

A

p1= po + (b-D)
po= baseline population- populationof particular place at a previous particular time
b-births since
D-deaths since

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14
Q

mortality

A

deaths as a component of population change

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15
Q

migration

A

The long term or permanent relocation of an individual or group of people from one area to another

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16
Q

formula of population- considering migration

A

P1= Po+ (B-D) + (I -E)
I= immigration since (came)
E= emigration since (left)

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17
Q

Crude birth rate (CBR)- formula + definition

A

total number of live births per year for every 1000 people already living
CBR= (B/P) x1000
b=births within time frame (year)
p= population at time (year)

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18
Q

True fertility

A

measures the number of children being born relative to the number of women in the population and the number of women in child bearing age (15-49)

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19
Q

General Fertility rate (Fecundity) (GFR)

A

GFR= (B/P(Fem 15-49)x 1000
the average number of childeren a women will have in her fecund years (15-49)

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20
Q

General fertility rate by region

A

world: 2.5
MDW: 1.6
LDW: 2.6
LeastDW: 4.3

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21
Q

Replacement-Level Fertility (replacement rate)

A

the level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next- uses total fertility rate
-~2.1-2.5 (depends on level of development) (lower in MDW)

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22
Q

Factors influencing rates of fertility

A

Biological: age, nutrition, well-being, infertility
Economic: level of economic development
Cultural: complex interrelated factors ie marriage rates

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23
Q

Crude Death rate (CDR)

A

CDR= (D/P) x1000
-total number of deaths per year for every 1000 people
-does not account for the age of the population- older population will have higher CDR

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24
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

IMR= (D0-1/B) X
1000
D0-1–> number of deaths between 0-1 years that year
B- people birth that year
<10 in canda, japan, sweden, findand, ect
~100 in sierra Leone, Central African Rep,ect

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25
Factors influencing average number of years of life
age of population access to health care Economic development environmental condtions (water, sanitation)
26
Life expectancy
Average number of years an infant can expect to live (assuming current mortality rates)
27
Population Natural Increase/ growth
fertility rate (CBR)- mortality rate (CDR): rate of natural growth
28
Population momentum
Countries with large populations of young people, even with declining fertility, have significant momentum and will continue to see growth for several generations
29
Malthus- principle of population
food supply is linear population is exponential 3 stages: food>pop; Pop=food; food
30
Demographic transition theory- 4 distinct stages
stage 1: high (birth rate) BR; high (Death rate) DR - ~0% growth rate Stage 2: High BR; declining DR- lots of population growth Stage 3: Declining BR; declining DR- still see growth, but declining every year Stage 4: Low BR; low DR- ~0% growth rate model fits teh MDW well
31
Population pyramid
A diagrammatic representation of the age and sex composition of a population -age structure is determined by the relative birth and death rates of a population
32
Expanding populations vs diminishing populations
Expanding: high fertility rates Diminishing: fertility rates low
33
pandemic
an outbreak of disease that is of greater scope and scale (a whole country of region or even teh world) than an epidemic
34
Epidemic
a rapid increase (beyond what is normal) of relatively short duration in the number of cases of a disease within a population
35
International migration
global level ie china to Canada
36
inter-regional migration
national/regional ie Ontario to Alberta- doesn't change Canadian population does changes distribution
37
Inter-urban migration
local Mississauga to Hamilton
38
Intra-urban (residential mobility (rathe than migration)
local from one house or neighbourhood to another within the same city
39
Destination Countries
typically low natural population growth, high economic and social development many core countries rely on migration to sustain population and economic growth
40
Source countries
typically high natural population growth, low economic and social development
41
Push pull logic: push
being in an undesirable place. Local economic crisis, cultural or political oppression, environmental or political crisis
42
Push pull logic: pull
aware of a more desirable place/. Economic opportunities, family reunification, freedoms, environmental and amenities
43
Push and Pull: key factor
the new location is better than the previous one. The degree of perceived improvement (from one location to another) influences the volume and flow of migration- perception drives behaviour.
44
3 main forms of push and pull logic
-economic: consequence of difference in wages. A threat to survival exists due to inadequate food supply, shelter, ect -political/Cultural: Threat to survival due to political or religious beliefs. A desire for a different way of life -Environmental: movment that results rom difference in local/regional environment conditions ie pollution, weather, ect.
45
The Ravenstein Laws
A series of generalization drawn from observation of migration behaviour as illustrated in historical census data -most migrations are of short distance -Migration usually involves several intermediate steps -more men migrate internationally than women- most migrate when adults (now no difference b/w sexes) -Intra-regional migration usually rural to urban migration -migrants are usually drawn to the largest centers of economic activity
46
Free (voluntary) migration
migration from one country to another- ie family reunification threatened by immigration laws much migration today takes place within rather than b/w countries
47
Forced migration
long history associated with slavery -not all forced migrations are because of slavery- consider Indonesia- needed to move people to a less populated island
48
Impelled migration
movment where choice is limited- not forced but also not free- ie in face of persecution, famine ect.
49
Illegal migration
migration in violation of local immigration laws, or continued residence beyond permissible period. Illegal immigration is a major political issue.
50
Refugee
an individual forced to flee their home country in the face of persecution (religious, ethnic, political, ect) or other threats to safety such as war, natural disaster or political instability. many definitions international refugee convention: someone who is unable or unwilling to return to their country of origin owning to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.
51
key distinction between migration and refugee
choice -many migrate because their homes have become dangerous or difficult to live in, as they may be fleeing unrest, famine, drought, or economic crisis, but unless they are in direct danger of conflict or persecution they are not considered refugees.
52
Internally displaced person (IDP)
an individual forced to flee their home on the face of persecution (religious, ethnic, political, ect) or other threats to safety (war, natural disaster, political instability, ect); unlike a refugee they do not leave their home country.
53
refugee make one of 2 "choices"- short and long term migration
short term (and local) move until domestic circumstance change A permeant (long distance) move for a better life
54
Voluntary repatriation
where refugees voluntarily return home. This is not possible for many since circumstances on their homeland have often not changes
55
Local settlement/integration
settlement in a neighbouring country . Neighbouring countries often face similar issues and so offering settlement is often a serious problem and burden
56
Resettlement
The acceptance by more distant countries of refugees. Many countries are reluctant to accept refugees, presently only about 20 countries regularily do so.
57
medical geography vs health geography
medical (traditional): the study of the spatial contect of disease Health (today): the study of the spatial context of health and wellbeing difference: traditional- health= the absence of disease (WHO) not: a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
58
The 4 D's of health geography: Distribution
the spatial arrangement of health and disease within an area ie malaria, cholera- broad street pump
59
the 4 D's of health geography: diffusion
the spread of health and disease over space and throguh time ie diffusion of cholera in north america in 1832 and 1866
60
the 4 D's of health geography: Determinants
Factors affecting health status eg income, behaviour, social environment, physical environment, genetics
61
the 4 D's of health geography: delivery
the provision of health care services eg public vs private, traditonal vs ancillary, ec
62
healthcare
the maintenance of improvement of human health through prevention, diagnosis and treatment of physical or mental illness or injury
63
epidemiology
the study of the incidence, distribution and control of disease in human populations
64
infectious disease
disease that spread from human to human vis bacteria or viruses
65
Degenerative diseases or chronic disease
diseases that are long-lasting and result from a gradual degeneration of the body
66
5 ages of dominant causes of death
1. Age of pestilence and famine: until the 19th Cdominated by infectious and parasitic diseases and regular periods of famine 2. Age of receding pandemics: 19thC the beginning of controlling infectious disease through public health, sanitation, ect 3.Age of degenerative disease: 20thC the emergence of degenerative disease and chronic disorders associated with aging 4. Age of delayed degenerative disease: now: the extension of life throguh medical care and prescription medicine allowing people to live a long time 5 A new age- the return of infectious disease: the possible return of infectious/ communicable disease such as antibiotic resistance microbes avian or swine flus ect

ENV SOC 1HB3 (5 decks)

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