Population, Heath and Migration Flashcards
Demography
The study of human populations
arithmetic (crude) density
the total number of people per unit of area. Impacted by large areas that are uninhabitable. Most common way to measure
Physiological density
population per unit of cultivable (arable) land
Population growth rate (global)
~1$ per year (1.14% in 2018) if continue growth rate will have 16 billion in 54 years (doubling time)
Doubling time
the number of years required for the population of an area to double its present size, given the current rate of population growth
Where will population growth occur primarily
mostly in the less developed areas
less than 10% of births are in more developed world
what are consequences of population growth in the MDV vs LDW
MDW: less population growth, but greater environmental consequences –> consume and pollute more
LDW: high population impacts on access to food, healthcare, water, energy, ect–> poverty and conflict?
overpopulation
a belief that an area’s population exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living; can apply to local areas or the entire planet.
-recognition that the environment can only sustain a certain population size
-what does a “decent standard of living” mean- is that the same everywhere.
Carrying capacity
the maximum population that can be supported by a given set of resources and a given level of technology
catastrophists
those of the view that population increases and continuing environmental deterioration are leading to a nightmarish future of environmental catastrophe, including flooding, mass extinctions, food shortages, disease and conflict.
ie David Suzuki
Cornucopians
Those who argue that advances in science and technology, along with cultural adaptation will continue to create resources sufficient to support the growing world population and mitigate environmental change
ie Elon Musk
fertility
a population’s natrual capability of having children; measured by the number of live births produced by a woman
formula of population calculation
p1= po + (b-D)
po= baseline population- populationof particular place at a previous particular time
b-births since
D-deaths since
mortality
deaths as a component of population change
migration
The long term or permanent relocation of an individual or group of people from one area to another
formula of population- considering migration
P1= Po+ (B-D) + (I -E)
I= immigration since (came)
E= emigration since (left)
Crude birth rate (CBR)- formula + definition
total number of live births per year for every 1000 people already living
CBR= (B/P) x1000
b=births within time frame (year)
p= population at time (year)
True fertility
measures the number of children being born relative to the number of women in the population and the number of women in child bearing age (15-49)
General Fertility rate (Fecundity) (GFR)
GFR= (B/P(Fem 15-49)x 1000
the average number of childeren a women will have in her fecund years (15-49)
General fertility rate by region
world: 2.5
MDW: 1.6
LDW: 2.6
LeastDW: 4.3
Replacement-Level Fertility (replacement rate)
the level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next- uses total fertility rate
-~2.1-2.5 (depends on level of development) (lower in MDW)
Factors influencing rates of fertility
Biological: age, nutrition, well-being, infertility
Economic: level of economic development
Cultural: complex interrelated factors ie marriage rates
Crude Death rate (CDR)
CDR= (D/P) x1000
-total number of deaths per year for every 1000 people
-does not account for the age of the population- older population will have higher CDR
Infant Mortality Rate
IMR= (D0-1/B) X
1000
D0-1–> number of deaths between 0-1 years that year
B- people birth that year
<10 in canda, japan, sweden, findand, ect
~100 in sierra Leone, Central African Rep,ect
Factors influencing average number of years of life
age of population
access to health care
Economic development
environmental condtions (water, sanitation)
Life expectancy
Average number of years an infant can expect to live (assuming current mortality rates)
Population Natural Increase/ growth
fertility rate (CBR)- mortality rate (CDR): rate of natural growth
Population momentum
Countries with large populations of young people, even with declining fertility, have significant momentum and will continue to see growth for several generations
Malthus- principle of population
food supply is linear
population is exponential
3 stages: food>pop; Pop=food; food<pop
2 possible solutions;
-preventive checks on population- delay marriage
-Positive checks on population: war famine, disease
either wat will decrease population
Demographic transition theory- 4 distinct stages
stage 1: high (birth rate) BR; high (Death rate) DR - ~0% growth rate
Stage 2: High BR; declining DR- lots of population growth
Stage 3: Declining BR; declining DR- still see growth, but declining every year
Stage 4: Low BR; low DR- ~0% growth rate
model fits teh MDW well
Population pyramid
A diagrammatic representation of the age and sex composition of a population
-age structure is determined by the relative birth and death rates of a population
Expanding populations vs diminishing populations
Expanding: high fertility rates
Diminishing: fertility rates low
pandemic
an outbreak of disease that is of greater scope and scale (a whole country of region or even teh world) than an epidemic
Epidemic
a rapid increase (beyond what is normal) of relatively short duration in the number of cases of a disease within a population
International migration
global level
ie china to Canada
inter-regional migration
national/regional
ie Ontario to Alberta- doesn’t change Canadian population does changes distribution
Inter-urban migration
local
Mississauga to Hamilton
Intra-urban (residential mobility (rathe than migration)
local
from one house or neighbourhood to another within the same city
Destination Countries
typically low natural population growth, high economic and social development
many core countries rely on migration to sustain population and economic growth
Source countries
typically high natural population growth, low economic and social development
Push pull logic: push
being in an undesirable place. Local economic crisis, cultural or political oppression, environmental or political crisis
Push pull logic: pull
aware of a more desirable place/. Economic opportunities, family reunification, freedoms, environmental and amenities
Push and Pull: key factor
the new location is better than the previous one. The degree of perceived improvement (from one location to another) influences the volume and flow of migration- perception drives behaviour.
3 main forms of push and pull logic
-economic: consequence of difference in wages. A threat to survival exists due to inadequate food supply, shelter, ect
-political/Cultural: Threat to survival due to political or religious beliefs. A desire for a different way of life
-Environmental: movment that results rom difference in local/regional environment conditions ie pollution, weather, ect.
The Ravenstein Laws
A series of generalization drawn from observation of migration behaviour as illustrated in historical census data
-most migrations are of short distance
-Migration usually involves several intermediate steps
-more men migrate internationally than women- most migrate when adults (now no difference b/w sexes)
-Intra-regional migration usually rural to urban migration
-migrants are usually drawn to the largest centers of economic activity
Free (voluntary) migration
migration from one country to another- ie family reunification
threatened by immigration laws
much migration today takes place within rather than b/w countries
Forced migration
long history associated with slavery
-not all forced migrations are because of slavery- consider Indonesia- needed to move people to a less populated island
Impelled migration
movment where choice is limited- not forced but also not free- ie in face of persecution, famine ect.
Illegal migration
migration in violation of local immigration laws, or continued residence beyond permissible period. Illegal immigration is a major political issue.
Refugee
an individual forced to flee their home country in the face of persecution (religious, ethnic, political, ect) or other threats to safety such as war, natural disaster or political instability.
many definitions
international refugee convention: someone who is unable or unwilling to return to their country of origin owning to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.
key distinction between migration and refugee
choice
-many migrate because their homes have become dangerous or difficult to live in, as they may be fleeing unrest, famine, drought, or economic crisis, but unless they are in direct danger of conflict or persecution they are not considered refugees.
Internally displaced person (IDP)
an individual forced to flee their home on the face of persecution (religious, ethnic, political, ect) or other threats to safety (war, natural disaster, political instability, ect); unlike a refugee they do not leave their home country.
refugee make one of 2 “choices”- short and long term migration
short term (and local) move until domestic circumstance change
A permeant (long distance) move for a better life
Voluntary repatriation
where refugees voluntarily return home. This is not possible for many since circumstances on their homeland have often not changes
Local settlement/integration
settlement in a neighbouring country . Neighbouring countries often face similar issues and so offering settlement is often a serious problem and burden
Resettlement
The acceptance by more distant countries of refugees. Many countries are reluctant to accept refugees, presently only about 20 countries regularily do so.
medical geography vs health geography
medical (traditional): the study of the spatial contect of disease
Health (today): the study of the spatial context of health and wellbeing
difference: traditional- health= the absence of disease (WHO)
not: a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
The 4 D’s of health geography: Distribution
the spatial arrangement of health and disease within an area
ie malaria, cholera- broad street pump
the 4 D’s of health geography: diffusion
the spread of health and disease over space and throguh time
ie diffusion of cholera in north america in 1832 and 1866
the 4 D’s of health geography: Determinants
Factors affecting health status
eg income, behaviour, social environment, physical environment, genetics
the 4 D’s of health geography: delivery
the provision of health care services
eg public vs private, traditonal vs ancillary, ec
healthcare
the maintenance of improvement of human health through prevention, diagnosis and treatment of physical or mental illness or injury
epidemiology
the study of the incidence, distribution and control of disease in human populations
infectious disease
disease that spread from human to human vis bacteria or viruses
Degenerative diseases or chronic disease
diseases that are long-lasting and result from a gradual degeneration of the body
5 ages of dominant causes of death
- Age of pestilence and famine: until the 19th Cdominated by infectious and parasitic diseases and regular periods of famine
- Age of receding pandemics: 19thC the beginning of controlling infectious disease through public health, sanitation, ect
3.Age of degenerative disease: 20thC the emergence of degenerative disease and chronic disorders associated with aging - Age of delayed degenerative disease: now: the extension of life throguh medical care and prescription medicine allowing people to live a long time
5 A new age- the return of infectious disease: the possible return of infectious/ communicable disease such as antibiotic resistance microbes avian or swine flus ect
