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ENV SOC 1HB3 > Cities and Urbanization > Flashcards

Cities and Urbanization Flashcards

1
Q

Urbanization:

A

The process of the spread and growth of cities and increasing portion of a population living in urban areas (cities and towns)
urbanization mirrors industrialization and economic development
A temporal and spatial process
Fundamental re-organization of human society (rural to urban)

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2
Q

Hearth

A

the area where a particular cultural trait originates

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3
Q

Region of the first cities

A

Mesopotamia

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4
Q

Emergence of cities - agricultrual surplus theory

A
  1. foraging societies
    2.agricultrual societies- eventually agricultural production exceeds the sustenance needs of the producer and is sold or exchanged with others
  2. urban societies- get labour specialization- production and services. see agglomeration economies- market cities
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5
Q

acropolis

A

the fortified religious centre of cities in ancient greece; the literal translation is the highest point in the city

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6
Q

agora

A

the centre of ancient greek civic life, the area where public meetings, trials, justice, social interaction and commercial exchange took place

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7
Q

forum

A

the centre of roman civic, commercial administrative and ceremonial life, combined the functions of the ancient Greek acropolis and agora

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8
Q

first urban revolution

A

different forms of settlement emerged
0new forms of economic activity
-nee forms of social organization
-new social institutions
-people relied on others for their survival
-sedentary vs nomadic
-small but growing population now live in cities or towns

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9
Q

Second urban revolution

A

proportion of people lvinig in cities increased
proportion of people working in agriculture decreases, factories increases
-size of urban places increased- mega citites
-many cities in thrid stge- homogenous- all same religion
now- heterogenous

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10
Q

urban/urban area

A

the spatial extents of the built-up area surrounding and including an incorporated municipality such as a city; typically assessed by some combination of population size, population density and the nature of residents’ employment

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11
Q

urban criteria: demographic and economic

A

demographic: exceeds threshold of population and possible also density
economic: evidence of urban types of economic activity- exceeds threshold of the % of population employed by urban economic activities
variations around the world

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12
Q

city

A

a specific term used to refer to a particular form of an urban area- a legally incorporated self-governing unit; an inhabited place of greater size, population or important than a town or village.

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13
Q

suburb:

A

a residential or mixed use (residential and employment) area on the periphery of the city, typically displaying some degree of homogeneity in terms of economic status, socio-cultural characteristics or built form
dependent upon and integrated with its neighbouring (adjoining) urban area (city)

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14
Q

metropolitan area

A

A region comprising two or more functionally connected urban areas and the less densely populated areas between
ie GTA

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15
Q

Census metropolitan areas

A

one or more adjacent areas/ municipalities
total; population >100 000/ population of urban core >50 000
eg toronto, montreal, vancouver, ottawa

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16
Q

census agglomerations

A

smae as census metropolitan areas but the urban core has a population of >10 000
eg belleville, stratford, ect

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17
Q

Urban Growth

A

an increase in the absolute size of an urban area/ city
-number of people living in an urban area
-sometimes also an increase in the total area of land occupied by the urban area

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18
Q

De-Urbanization

A

becoming less urbanized through a decreasing proportion of a population living in urban areas.

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19
Q

differentiation urbanization and urban growth- two phenomena do not always occur at the same time, consider:

A

urban growth w/out development
-urbanization w/out urban growth
-deurbanization
recall:
urban growth- population of each of two cities increased
urbanization: urban system has become more urban (total population in urban area increased)

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20
Q

Patterns of urbanization MDW vs LDW

A

MDW: highly urbanized and little variability in %
LDW: very diverse in % and is generally less urbanized

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21
Q

mega-city

A

a metrapolitan area with a population of more than 10 million.
sligh variation of how mnay exisit due to differences in catchment
UN: 29
demongraphia: 38
china has the most: 6

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22
Q

system

A

a set of interrelated components or objects linked together to form a unified whole
- cities function as economic, political, cultural and environmental system
urban system- whole can be seen as a region, a country or even the entire world

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23
Q

central place theory

A

a theory to explain the spatial distribution of urban centres with respect to their size and function

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24
Q

central place

A

An urban centre that provides goods and services for the surrounding population; may take the form of a hamlet, village, town, city or mega city

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25
Consumer services
services provided primarily for individual consumers such as retail, hospitality, food, leisure, health care, education, and social welfare; represent approximately 50% of employment in most countries of the MDW.
26
Hinterland
the market area surrounding a central place; the spatial area from which the providers of goods and services in a central place draw their customers.
27
Range
the maximum distance that people are prepared to travel to obtain a particular good or service
28
threshold
the maximum number for people (market size) required to support the existence of a particular economic function.
29
Rank size distribution
a descriptive regularity amoung cities in a urban system; the numerical relationship between city size and rank in an urban system; sometimes referred to as the rank-size rule An urban system that follows the rank size distribution--> population of any city can be predicted when we know the population of the largest city and the rank of the city Px=P1/Rx R=rank P=population of largest
30
Primate City
the largest city in an urban system, usually the capital which dominates its political, economic and social life; a city that is more than twice the size of the next-largest city in the system -many former colonies have primate cities as the European power centralized economic/political power there.
31
Urban systems: Canada
like all urban systems canada;s reflects a hierarchial pattern. ie central Canada: only one city at the top with very high population size as get closer to base- there are more urban areas
32
Global cities
city that is an important node in the global economy; a dominant city in the global urban hierarchy; sometimes referred to as a world city can be identified by: -economic: corporate head quarters, financial institutions, business services -Political: national capitals, supranational organizations cultural: gateway cities, media centres environmental: (lower?) pollution, livability, congestion apha ++, alph +- GaWC classifications
33
gateway city
a city that is a key point of entry to a major geographic region or country for goods or people, often via an international airport, container shipping port, or major rail centre; a city in which several different cultural traditions are absorbed and assimilated
34
supranational organization
A multinational grouping of independent states, where power is delegated to an authority by member governments
35
Six categories of land use
residential, industrial, commercial, institutional, transportation/infrastructure. public
36
Residential area land use
amount the most complex (diverse) component of urban land uses -about 50% of urban areas -from inner city, to suburban, form rich to poor, ect
37
Industrial area land use
about 5-10% of urban area -heavy (traditional) industrial production -light (innovative) production, high tech, food production, warehouses, ect
38
Commercial areas land use
about 5% of urban areas office: head offices (downtown), back offices (suburban), regional offices (edge cities) g, suburban shopping malls, retail power centres, marquee/flagship retail downtown retail: store front shopping
39
institutional areas land use
about 5-10% of urban areas -government buildings, universities, hospitals, schools, churches, ect
40
transportation/infrastructure areas land use
about 25% of urban areas Roads, highways, subways, sidewalks, electricity lines, rail lines, ports, airports, ect
41
Public areas land use
about 5-10% urban areas parks, civic plazas, arenas and stadiums, vacant land, ect
42
urban structure
the arrangement of land uses in cities; related to urban morphology
43
accessibility
a variable quality of location, expressing the opportunity for interaction with other locations -greater associability relates to greater desirability -different land users have different abilities/willingness to pay
44
Bid-rent curves and land values
land value: willingness to pay for land- linked to associability and amount of space of each piece of property trade off: accessibility vs space- central locations more accessible but less space vs peripheral many land users each with different valuations of this trade off
45
centric Zone model- 5 zones
CBD: focus on commercial offices, retail, social life, restaurants, hotels, civic capital, transport Zone in transition: factories, rail yards, warehouses, homes of working class, poor (least desirable housing) - recent immigrants, previous salves zone of working class homes: people moved out of zone of transition Middle class residence- single family homes Affluent commuter suburbs- small rural towns with large homes
46
Concentric Zone model
Ernest Burges 20th C -spatial relationship between socio-economic status and distance from the CBD- greater distance= greater wealth -spatial relationship between groups based on ethnic or racial indenity- immer most areas for racialized minorities and immigrant groups -cities structures into a series of centric zones of neighbourhoods
47
Sector model
Homer Hoyt city differentiated into sectors based on land value- based on 100's of US cities in 20th C -land value are determined by distance from CBD and proximity to other sectors ie accessibility -urban functions, once established are relatively permanent- reinforcing established patterns
48
Murdie composite model
brings together both the sector and concentric zone models
49
multiple nuclei model
Harris and Ullman changing urban structure/morphology- decentralization in later 20th C Some economic activites attract one another, while others repel -functional clusters or nucli- every city has several muclei -economic agglomeration- manufacturing, transportation and warehouse land use; attracts blue collar, repels upper middle class
50
Contemporary revisioning o the multiple nucelli model
Hanlon, short and Vicino -new metropolitan model -central city: revitalized downtown, concentralized poverty, gentrification Inner ring: suburbs in crisis (declining), minority suburbs outer ring: middle class suburbs periphery: edge cities, gated communities, boomburbs, enclaves
51
Common urban structures/morphology in North American VS traditional models of Europe, Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa and Asian cities
see textbook (CAHPT 7 or8?)
52
Central business district (CBD)
the social, cultural, commercial and political centre of the city; usually characterise by high-rise office and residential towers, key municipal government buildings and civic amenities. Otherwise known as downtown.
53
neighbourhoods are comprised of
people: families, individuals, ect with characteristics of income, culture, ethnicity, ect Residences: houses, apartments, ect large, small, new, old, expensive, cheap, refurbished, Other: schools, recreation facilities, businesses, ect
54
the housing market: 2 views of housing
housing as a commodity: to be bought and sold like clothing. Likely someone's largest capital investment housing as an essential, universal right: like education or healthcare, housing provided by state.
55
3 A's of housing value:
accessibility, amount of space and amenities (nearby)
56
residential moblity
the individual or family decision to relocate their place of residence, usually within the context of an urban area -like migration, residential mobility is motivated by push and pull factors .
57
segregation
the spatial separation of population subgroups within the wider population -discrimination (involuntary segregation) or choice (congregation) ie Detroit
58
suburbanization
a process throguh which land on the periphery of an urban area (the rural-urban fringe) becomes urbanized over time, as people and buinesses move there; the process of suburban development. ie the american dream- desire for quieter, safer and more space, oportunity for home ownership- led to automobile trap
59
urban sprawl
the largely unplanned expansion of an urban area into rural area- ie greenbelt controversy -more common in the USA sue to less stringent planning regulations
60
post suburban
where we are now -the emergence of polycentric metropolitan areas
61
edge cities
a centre of office and retail activities located on the edge of a large urban centre ie Mississauga
62
gated communities
many edge cities contain gated communities: high status residential subdivision or communities with access limited to residence and other authorized people such as domestic workers, tradespeople and visitors; often surrounded by a perimeter wall, fence or buffer zone such as a gold course.
63
green belt
a planned area of open, partially rural land surrounding an urban area; an area where urban development is restricted.
64
filtering
a process whereby housing units transition from being occupied by members of one income group to another income grouper over time
65
downward filtering
part of the filtering process whereby homes built for middle or upper-income groups gradually become less expensive as they age or degrade throguh neglect, as the neighbourhood become less desirable, and as residents with greater purchasing power move towards trendier, newer homes in more desirable neighbourhoods. inner city urban decay
66
upward filtering
part of the filtering process whereby relatively inexpensive homes, often occupied by renters, become valued by middle- or upper- income groups as an investment; in aggregate, the process is usually referred to as gentrification
67
class
a large group of people of similar social staus and income and often cutre commonly used forms include upper class, middle class and working class.
68
gentrification
a process of inner-city urban neighbourhood social change resulting from the in-movment of higher income groups neild smith and david ley positive and negatives exists
69
cycle of poverty
the idea that poverty and deprivation and transmitted intergenerationally, reflecting home background and spatial variations in opportunities.
70
Homelessness
the circumstances of being without a permanent dwelling. spatial patterns of homelessness: near centre close to amenities.
71
manufacturing economic activity location
traditionally in city centre , now: mostly in urban periphery
72
commercial activity and business services
decentralization- of office functioning to suburbs and edge cities - HR, clerical many office functions remain in the CBD- ie insurance, finance, advertising marketing
73
Retailing and consumer services location: Retailing and consumer services location
traditionally- department stores in downtown today: suburban malls, ect future: all online?
74
zoning
legal restrictions on land use that determine what types of urban activity (residential, commercial, industrial, ect) and building form are allowed to take place on particular parcels of land -mechanism of implementation and enforcement set of by-laws.
75
early urban planners
architects, engineers, and medical doctors now: most graduate from degrees like Envr soc and urban planning
76
where did urban planning come from
response to appalling sanitary, social and economic condtions of rapidly growing instrutrial cities.
77
what do urban planners plan
allocation of land uses: public services, infrastructure, transport, employment, housing, environment, ect
78
key challenges of urban planning
meeting needs of competing interests making city better planning for better tomorrow without compromising present.
79
what are planners trying to do
meet needs of competing interests make for a better city
80
regional plans
provincial government ie places to grow , moving Ontario forward
81
municipal plans
city of Hamilton, ect -transportation master plan, growth related integrated development strategy (GRIDS)
82
neibourhood plans
land use and transportation policies for a particular area ie Westdale land use plan
83
Pan-AM stadium plan controversy
review

ENV SOC 1HB3 (5 decks)

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