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ENV SOC 1HB3 > Cities and Urbanization > Flashcards

Cities and Urbanization Flashcards

1
Q

Urbanization:

A

The process of the spread and growth of cities and increasing portion of a population living in urban areas (cities and towns)
urbanization mirrors industrialization and economic development
A temporal and spatial process
Fundamental re-organization of human society (rural to urban)

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2
Q

Hearth

A

the area where a particular cultural trait originates

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3
Q

Region of the first cities

A

Mesopotamia

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4
Q

Emergence of cities - agricultrual surplus theory

A
  1. foraging societies
    2.agricultrual societies- eventually agricultural production exceeds the sustenance needs of the producer and is sold or exchanged with others
  2. urban societies- get labour specialization- production and services. see agglomeration economies- market cities
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5
Q

acropolis

A

the fortified religious centre of cities in ancient greece; the literal translation is the highest point in the city

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6
Q

agora

A

the centre of ancient greek civic life, the area where public meetings, trials, justice, social interaction and commercial exchange took place

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7
Q

forum

A

the centre of roman civic, commercial administrative and ceremonial life, combined the functions of the ancient Greek acropolis and agora

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8
Q

first urban revolution

A

different forms of settlement emerged
0new forms of economic activity
-nee forms of social organization
-new social institutions
-people relied on others for their survival
-sedentary vs nomadic
-small but growing population now live in cities or towns

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9
Q

Second urban revolution

A

proportion of people lvinig in cities increased
proportion of people working in agriculture decreases, factories increases
-size of urban places increased- mega citites
-many cities in thrid stge- homogenous- all same religion
now- heterogenous

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10
Q

urban/urban area

A

the spatial extents of the built-up area surrounding and including an incorporated municipality such as a city; typically assessed by some combination of population size, population density and the nature of residents’ employment

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11
Q

urban criteria: demographic and economic

A

demographic: exceeds threshold of population and possible also density
economic: evidence of urban types of economic activity- exceeds threshold of the % of population employed by urban economic activities
variations around the world

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12
Q

city

A

a specific term used to refer to a particular form of an urban area- a legally incorporated self-governing unit; an inhabited place of greater size, population or important than a town or village.

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13
Q

suburb:

A

a residential or mixed use (residential and employment) area on the periphery of the city, typically displaying some degree of homogeneity in terms of economic status, socio-cultural characteristics or built form
dependent upon and integrated with its neighbouring (adjoining) urban area (city)

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14
Q

metropolitan area

A

A region comprising two or more functionally connected urban areas and the less densely populated areas between
ie GTA

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15
Q

Census metropolitan areas

A

one or more adjacent areas/ municipalities
total; population >100 000/ population of urban core >50 000
eg toronto, montreal, vancouver, ottawa

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16
Q

census agglomerations

A

smae as census metropolitan areas but the urban core has a population of >10 000
eg belleville, stratford, ect

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17
Q

Urban Growth

A

an increase in the absolute size of an urban area/ city
-number of people living in an urban area
-sometimes also an increase in the total area of land occupied by the urban area

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18
Q

De-Urbanization

A

becoming less urbanized through a decreasing proportion of a population living in urban areas.

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19
Q

differentiation urbanization and urban growth- two phenomena do not always occur at the same time, consider:

A

urban growth w/out development
-urbanization w/out urban growth
-deurbanization
recall:
urban growth- population of each of two cities increased
urbanization: urban system has become more urban (total population in urban area increased)

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20
Q

Patterns of urbanization MDW vs LDW

A

MDW: highly urbanized and little variability in %
LDW: very diverse in % and is generally less urbanized

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21
Q

mega-city

A

a metrapolitan area with a population of more than 10 million.
sligh variation of how mnay exisit due to differences in catchment
UN: 29
demongraphia: 38
china has the most: 6

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22
Q

system

A

a set of interrelated components or objects linked together to form a unified whole
- cities function as economic, political, cultural and environmental system
urban system- whole can be seen as a region, a country or even the entire world

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23
Q

central place theory

A

a theory to explain the spatial distribution of urban centres with respect to their size and function

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24
Q

central place

A

An urban centre that provides goods and services for the surrounding population; may take the form of a hamlet, village, town, city or mega city

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25
Q

Consumer services

A

services provided primarily for individual consumers such as retail, hospitality, food, leisure, health care, education, and social welfare; represent approximately 50% of employment in most countries of the MDW.

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26
Q

Hinterland

A

the market area surrounding a central place; the spatial area from which the providers of goods and services in a central place draw their customers.

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27
Q

Range

A

the maximum distance that people are prepared to travel to obtain a particular good or service

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28
Q

threshold

A

the maximum number for people (market size) required to support the existence of a particular economic function.

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29
Q

Rank size distribution

A

a descriptive regularity amoung cities in a urban system; the numerical relationship between city size and rank in an urban system; sometimes referred to as the rank-size rule
An urban system that follows the rank size distribution–> population of any city can be predicted when we know the population of the largest city and the rank of the city
Px=P1/Rx
R=rank
P=population of largest

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30
Q

Primate City

A

the largest city in an urban system, usually the capital which dominates its political, economic and social life; a city that is more than twice the size of the next-largest city in the system
-many former colonies have primate cities as the European power centralized economic/political power there.

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31
Q

Urban systems: Canada

A

like all urban systems canada;s reflects a hierarchial pattern.
ie central Canada: only one city at the top with very high population size
as get closer to base- there are more urban areas

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32
Q

Global cities

A

city that is an important node in the global economy; a dominant city in the global urban hierarchy; sometimes referred to as a world city
can be identified by:
-economic: corporate head quarters, financial institutions, business services
-Political: national capitals, supranational organizations
cultural: gateway cities, media centres
environmental: (lower?) pollution, livability, congestion
apha ++, alph +- GaWC classifications

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33
Q

gateway city

A

a city that is a key point of entry to a major geographic region or country for goods or people, often via an international airport, container shipping port, or major rail centre; a city in which several different cultural traditions are absorbed and assimilated

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34
Q

supranational organization

A

A multinational grouping of independent states, where power is delegated to an authority by member governments

35
Q

Six categories of land use

A

residential, industrial, commercial, institutional, transportation/infrastructure. public

36
Q

Residential area land use

A

amount the most complex (diverse) component of urban land uses
-about 50% of urban areas
-from inner city, to suburban, form rich to poor, ect

37
Q

Industrial area land use

A

about 5-10% of urban area
-heavy (traditional) industrial production
-light (innovative) production, high tech, food production, warehouses, ect

38
Q

Commercial areas land use

A

about 5% of urban areas
office: head offices (downtown), back offices (suburban), regional offices (edge cities) g, suburban shopping malls, retail power centres, marquee/flagship retail downtown
retail: store front shopping

39
Q

institutional areas land use

A

about 5-10% of urban areas
-government buildings, universities, hospitals, schools, churches, ect

40
Q

transportation/infrastructure areas land use

A

about 25% of urban areas
Roads, highways, subways, sidewalks, electricity lines, rail lines, ports, airports, ect

41
Q

Public areas land use

A

about 5-10% urban areas
parks, civic plazas, arenas and stadiums, vacant land, ect

42
Q

urban structure

A

the arrangement of land uses in cities; related to urban morphology

43
Q

accessibility

A

a variable quality of location, expressing the opportunity for interaction with other locations
-greater associability relates to greater desirability
-different land users have different abilities/willingness to pay

44
Q

Bid-rent curves and land values

A

land value: willingness to pay for land- linked to associability and amount of space of each piece of property
trade off: accessibility vs space- central locations more accessible but less space vs peripheral
many land users each with different valuations of this trade off

45
Q

centric Zone model- 5 zones

A

CBD: focus on commercial offices, retail, social life, restaurants, hotels, civic capital, transport
Zone in transition: factories, rail yards, warehouses, homes of working class, poor (least desirable housing) - recent immigrants, previous salves
zone of working class homes: people moved out of zone of transition
Middle class residence- single family homes
Affluent commuter suburbs- small rural towns with large homes

46
Q

Concentric Zone model

A

Ernest Burges 20th C
-spatial relationship between socio-economic status and distance from the CBD- greater distance= greater wealth
-spatial relationship between groups based on ethnic or racial indenity- immer most areas for racialized minorities and immigrant groups
-cities structures into a series of centric zones of neighbourhoods

47
Q

Sector model

A

Homer Hoyt
city differentiated into sectors based on land value- based on 100’s of US cities in 20th C
-land value are determined by distance from CBD and proximity to other sectors ie accessibility
-urban functions, once established are relatively permanent- reinforcing established patterns

48
Q

Murdie composite model

A

brings together both the sector and concentric zone models

49
Q

multiple nuclei model

A

Harris and Ullman
changing urban structure/morphology- decentralization in later 20th C
Some economic activites attract one another, while others repel
-functional clusters or nucli- every city has several muclei
-economic agglomeration- manufacturing, transportation and warehouse land use; attracts blue collar, repels upper middle class

50
Q

Contemporary revisioning o the multiple nucelli model

A

Hanlon, short and Vicino
-new metropolitan model
-central city: revitalized downtown, concentralized poverty, gentrification
Inner ring: suburbs in crisis (declining), minority suburbs
outer ring: middle class suburbs
periphery: edge cities, gated communities, boomburbs, enclaves

51
Q

Common urban structures/morphology in North American VS traditional models of Europe, Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa and Asian cities

A

see textbook (CAHPT 7 or8?)

52
Q

Central business district (CBD)

A

the social, cultural, commercial and political centre of the city; usually characterise by high-rise office and residential towers, key municipal government buildings and civic amenities. Otherwise known as downtown.

53
Q

neighbourhoods are comprised of

A

people: families, individuals, ect with characteristics of income, culture, ethnicity, ect
Residences: houses, apartments, ect large, small, new, old, expensive, cheap, refurbished,
Other: schools, recreation facilities, businesses, ect

54
Q

the housing market: 2 views of housing

A

housing as a commodity: to be bought and sold like clothing. Likely someone’s largest capital investment
housing as an essential, universal right: like education or healthcare, housing provided by state.

55
Q

3 A’s of housing value:

A

accessibility, amount of space and amenities (nearby)

56
Q

residential moblity

A

the individual or family decision to relocate their place of residence, usually within the context of an urban area
-like migration, residential mobility is motivated by push and pull factors .

57
Q

segregation

A

the spatial separation of population subgroups within the wider population
-discrimination (involuntary segregation) or
choice (congregation)
ie Detroit

58
Q

suburbanization

A

a process throguh which land on the periphery of an urban area (the rural-urban fringe) becomes urbanized over time, as people and buinesses move there; the process of suburban development.
ie the american dream- desire for quieter, safer and more space, oportunity for home ownership- led to automobile trap

59
Q

urban sprawl

A

the largely unplanned expansion of an urban area into rural area- ie greenbelt controversy
-more common in the USA sue to less stringent planning regulations

60
Q

post suburban

A

where we are now
-the emergence of polycentric metropolitan areas

61
Q

edge cities

A

a centre of office and retail activities located on the edge of a large urban centre
ie Mississauga

62
Q

gated communities

A

many edge cities contain gated communities: high status residential subdivision or communities with access limited to residence and other authorized people such as domestic workers, tradespeople and visitors; often surrounded by a perimeter wall, fence or buffer zone such as a gold course.

63
Q

green belt

A

a planned area of open, partially rural land surrounding an urban area; an area where urban development is restricted.

64
Q

filtering

A

a process whereby housing units transition from being occupied by members of one income group to another income grouper over time

65
Q

downward filtering

A

part of the filtering process whereby homes built for middle or upper-income groups gradually become less expensive as they age or degrade throguh neglect, as the neighbourhood become less desirable, and as residents with greater purchasing power move towards trendier, newer homes in more desirable neighbourhoods. inner city urban decay

66
Q

upward filtering

A

part of the filtering process whereby relatively inexpensive homes, often occupied by renters, become valued by middle- or upper- income groups as an investment; in aggregate, the process is usually referred to as gentrification

67
Q

class

A

a large group of people of similar social staus and income and often cutre commonly used forms include upper class, middle class and working class.

68
Q

gentrification

A

a process of inner-city urban neighbourhood social change resulting from the in-movment of higher income groups
neild smith and david ley
positive and negatives exists

69
Q

cycle of poverty

A

the idea that poverty and deprivation and transmitted intergenerationally, reflecting home background and spatial variations in opportunities.

70
Q

Homelessness

A

the circumstances of being without a permanent dwelling.
spatial patterns of homelessness: near centre close to amenities.

71
Q

manufacturing economic activity location

A

traditionally in city centre , now: mostly in urban periphery

72
Q

commercial activity and business services

A

decentralization- of office functioning to suburbs and edge cities - HR, clerical
many office functions remain in the CBD- ie insurance, finance, advertising marketing

73
Q

Retailing and consumer services location: Retailing and consumer services location

A

traditionally- department stores in downtown
today: suburban malls, ect
future: all online?

74
Q

zoning

A

legal restrictions on land use that determine what types of urban activity (residential, commercial, industrial, ect) and building form are allowed to take place on particular parcels of land
-mechanism of implementation and enforcement
set of by-laws.

75
Q

early urban planners

A

architects, engineers, and medical doctors
now: most graduate from degrees like Envr soc and urban planning

76
Q

where did urban planning come from

A

response to appalling sanitary, social and economic condtions of rapidly growing instrutrial cities.

77
Q

what do urban planners plan

A

allocation of land uses: public services, infrastructure, transport, employment, housing, environment, ect

78
Q

key challenges of urban planning

A

meeting needs of competing interests
making city better
planning for better tomorrow without compromising present.

79
Q

what are planners trying to do

A

meet needs of competing interests
make for a better city

80
Q

regional plans

A

provincial government
ie places to grow , moving Ontario forward

81
Q

municipal plans

A

city of Hamilton, ect
-transportation master plan, growth related integrated development strategy (GRIDS)

82
Q

neibourhood plans

A

land use and transportation policies for a particular area
ie Westdale land use plan

83
Q

Pan-AM stadium plan controversy

A

review

ENV SOC 1HB3 (5 decks)

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