Population Health 2 Flashcards
Define the following classifications of disability: Impairment, Activity limitation, Participation restrictions.
Classification of Disability (Disability refers to problems with any one or more of these three categories):
- Impairment - problems in body function or alterations in body structure
- Activity limitation - difficulty in executing activities
- Participation restrictions - problems with involvement in any area of life
Health conditions that lead to disability include any number of physical, mental or sensory impairments. They can be congenital or acquired and when acquired can result from illness or injury. They can be transient, persistent or progressive. Disability depends on the experience of the individual - the course of their condition and context of his or her life.
Which is true?
Disability arises from the interaction between people with a health condition and their environment.
Disability is a physical impairment that is the result of a birth defect, trauma, diet, or a natural disaster.
Disability arises from the interaction between people with a health condtiion and their environment.
- The Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities reflects this emphasis on removing environmental barriers which prevent inclusion.
- In recent decades the move has been away from a medical understanding towards a social understanding of disability.
The _______ of disability is increasing.
A. Incidence
B. Prevalence
C. This is incorrect, the prevalence of disablity is decreasing.
D. This is incorrect, the incidence of disability is decreasing.
B. The prevalence of disability is high and growing.
- The prevalence of disability is growing due to population ageing and the global increase in chronic health conditions
- Patterns of disability in a particular country are influenced by trends in health conditions and trends in environmental and other factors - such as road traffic crashes, natural disasters, conflict, diet and substance abuse.
In which populations is disability found to be more common?
Disability disproportionately affects vulnerable populations.
- Disability is more common among women, older people and households that are poor.
- Lower income countries have a higher prevalence of disability than higher income countries.
People with disabilities face widespread barriers in accessing services (health, education, employment, transport as well as information). What are some reasons why?
People with disabilities face widespread barriers in accessing services (health, education, employment, transport as well as information). This may be a result of:
- Inadequate policies and standards, negative attitudes, lack of service provision, inadequate funding, lack of accessibility, inadequate infromation and communication and lack of participation in decisions that directly affect their lives
What is capacity vs. performance in the context of disability?
Capacity indicates what a person can do in a standardized environment, often a clinical setting, without the barriers or facilitators of the person’s usual environment.
Performance indicates what a person does in the current or usual environment, with all barriers and facilitators in place.
People with disabilites have _____ health and socioeconomic outcomes.
A. Worse
B. Equal
C. Better
D. None of the above
People with disabilites have worse health and socioeconomic outcomes.
- Across the world, people with disabilities have poorer health, lower educational achievement, less economic participation and higher rates of poverty than people without disabilities
What is Ableism?
Ableism refers to the favouritism of species-typical abilities. It is a social prejudice that views “normal” as right and “non-normative” as abnormal, abhorrent or wrong. The result is favouritism of certain abilites and pressure on those who don’t measure up to either adapt (strive to be normal) or exist in a sub-standard, less than fully human state.
What is an alternative to Ableism?
The alternative to ableism is to see disability as diversity, akin to gender, sexual orientation and ethnicity. The fact is that all the conditions and impairments that lead to disability have existed for all of human history. They are not species-typical or representative of normative-function, but they are inevitable, and presumably acceptable, variations on the human form.
What is an example of a physician’s role to console in disability?
Consolation can take the form of prenatal screening and selective abortion or institutionalization of disabled children in group homes and disabled adults in care centres. Although, “to console” is definitely a key task of physicians, many of the approaches to consolation in disability are strongly rooted in a Ableist framework.
What are the principles of Universal Design?
Principles of Universal Design:
- Equitable use - the design does not disadvantage or stigmatize any group of users and is marketable to people with diverse abilities
- Flexibility in use - the design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences (ie. L/R handed) and abilites; provides choice in methods of us
- Simple and intuitive use - use of the design is easy to understand, regardlses of the user’s experience, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration leve; eliminates unnecessary complexity
- Perceptible information - the design communicates necessary information effectively to the user, regardless of ambiet conditions or the user’s sensory abilites; uses pictures, audible or tactical methods
- Tolerance for error - the design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended fatigue; elements most used should be most accessible, or fail-safe features included
- Low physical effort - the design can be used efficiently and comfortable and with a minimum of fatigue
- Appropriate size and space - the appropriate size and space is provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and use, regardless of the user’s body size, posture or mobility
What is the definition of sex (in terms of identity)?
Sex - a lable we are given at birth to describe our physical bodies and reproductive capacity. Usually assigned by a doctor on the basis of external genitalia, biologic sex may be determined by characteristics such as genitalia and gonads, chromosomes, secondary sex characteristic and hormones
What is intersex?
Intersex - a term used to describe a person whose biological sex characteristics don’t easily fit traditional definitions of male or female
What is gender?
Gender - the attitudes, feelings, behaviours and expectations a culture characterizes as male, female or other
What is gender identity?
Gender identity - how an individual perceives themselves as being male, female or other. It is separate from biologic sex.
What is gender non-conformity?
Gender non-conformity - behaviour or gender expression that dose not match a culture’s masculine or feminine norms. Genderqueer is a term used by some who identify with unrestricted or deconstructed gender norms.
What is transgender?
Transgender - a term referring to an individual whos gender identity as male or female does not match their assigned biologic sex at birth
