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Bio 142 > Population Growth > Flashcards

Population Growth Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A biological community is…

A

A group of interacting species living within a defined
area

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2
Q

Species Interactions

A
  • The fate of any one species is tightly linked to the
    other species that share its habitat
  • Species interactions determined by effects on
    individual relative fitness
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3
Q

Three possible fitness consequences of interactions
between species are…

A

+ = provides a fitness benefit to individuals

  • = individuals experience fitness disadvantage

0 = no effect on individual fitness

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4
Q

Four general types of species interactions:

A
  1. Commensalism (+/0)
  2. Competition (-/-)
  3. Consumption (+/-)
  4. Mutualism (+/+)
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5
Q
  1. Commensalism (+/0)
A

one species benefits but the other species is unaffected

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6
Q
  1. Competition (-/-)
A

individuals use the same resources—resulting in lower fitness for both

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7
Q
  1. Consumption (+/-)
A

one organism eats or absorbs nutrients from another, increasing the consumer’s fitness but decreasing the victim’s fitness

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8
Q
  1. Mutualism (+/+)
A

interactions confers fitness benefits to both species

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9
Q

Three key themes for understanding species
interactions are…

A
  1. Species interactions may affect the distribution and
    abundance of a particular species
  2. Species act as agents of natural selection when they
    interact.
    e.g., coevolutionary arms race
  3. The outcome of species interactions is dynamic and
    conditional
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10
Q

Intraspecific competition is…

A

between members of the
same species
* major cause of density-dependent growth
* major cause of natural selection!

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11
Q

Niche

A

The range of resources that a species is able to use or the range of conditions it can tolerate
Interspecific competition occurs when the
niches of two species overlap

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12
Q

The competitive exclusion principle is…

A

– impossible for species in the same niche to
coexist
– inspired by a series of experiments with two
species of Paramecium

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13
Q

Asymmetric competition

A

one species suffers a much greater fitness decline than the other

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14
Q

Symmetric competition

A

each species experiences a roughly equal decrease in fitness

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15
Q

Asymmetric competition + incompletely
overlapping niches =>

A

weaker competitor shifts from fundamental niche to realized niche

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16
Q

Fundamental niche

A

Resources used or conditions tolerated in the
absence of competitors

17
Q

Realized niche

A

– Resources used or conditions tolerated with
competition

18
Q

Niche differentiation or resource partitioning

A

Evolutionary change in resource use as a response to competition

19
Q

Character displacement is a…

A

Change in species’ traits due to niche
differentiation or resource partitioning

20
Q

Asymmetric competition + completely overlapping niches =>

A

the stronger competitor drives the weaker competitor to extinction

21
Q

Three major types of consumption:

A
  1. Herbivory
  2. Parasitism
  3. Predation
22
Q
  1. Herbivory
A

consumption of plant tissues by herbivores

23
Q
  1. Parasitism
A

consumption of small amounts of tissues from another organism, or host, by a parasite

24
Q
  1. Predation
A

killing and consumption of most or all of another individual (the prey) by a predator

25
Q

Constitutive or standing defenses are…

A

– Avoidance (e.g. running, camouflage)
– Poison
– Schooling and flocking (confuses predators)
– Structural protection
– Fighting back
– Mimicry

26
Q

Mimicry is…

A

the close resemblance of one species to another

27
Q

Mimicry types

A

Müllerian mimicry
–The resemblance of two harmful prey species
Batesian mimicry
–Resemblance of an innocuous prey species to a dangerous prey species

28
Q

Inducible defenses

A

Produced only in direct response to threat or
attempted consumption

29
Q

Examples of mutualisms can be found between:

A

– Flowering plants and their pollinators
– Mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots
– Bacteria that fix nitrogen and certain species of plants
– Rancher ants and aphids
– Farmer ants and fungi
– Crematogaster ants and acacia trees
– Cleaner shrimp and fish

30
Q

A keystone species has…

A

a greater impact on surrounding species than its
abundance would suggest

31
Q

Pisaster (sea star) was the original keystone species

A

Found in intertidal areas
– When Pisaster was removed from experimental areas,
the number of species present and the complexity of the habitat changed radically

Bio 142 (4 decks)

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