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Geography 2020 > Population Geography / Demography > Flashcards

Population Geography / Demography Flashcards

1
Q

Define demography

A
  • study of statistics that illustrate the changing structure of human populations
  • includes: composition (age, ethnicity, gender), growth rates, density, mortality, fertility, migration
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2
Q

Define population distribution

A

The way in which a population is spread over an area

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3
Q

Define population density

A

The number of people per specified area (population per km^2)

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4
Q

Africa - annual population growth rate

A
  • high fertility rate: (having children younger than other countries) (low access to contraception) (traditional domestic roles of women)
  • culturally, people have had larger families due to higher infant mortality rates
  • the population is expected to double between 2018 and 2050 - with birth rates of up to 6.62 / woman
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5
Q

Global pattern of population increase (developed v developing)

A

Developing world: accounts for 83% of the population but 98.5% of the world’s population increase

Of 7.5 billion, 6.3 billion inhabit the developing world

Replacement rate is 2.1, in the developed world growth has slowed dramatically (Western Europe’s rate at 1.58)

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6
Q

Causes of rapid growth

A
  • Decrease in child mortality rates and increase in life expectancy (due to advances in medical science, access to education)
  • Death rate has halved since the 50s (19.7 to 7.8 per 1000)
  • Life expectancy has increased from 35 years (1850) to 76 (men) and 82 (women)
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7
Q

Spatial patterns of fertility

A
  • highest birth rates found in Africa
  • total fertility rate: a measure of the average number of children born to a woman of childbearing age
  • many countries have experienced a decline in TFR (such as Kenya from 8.1 to 3.9)
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8
Q

Spatial pattern of mortality

A

Death rate / mortality = measure of the number of deaths / 1000 people in a year

  • World wide = 8
  • Highest MR found in Sierra Leone (92/1000)
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9
Q

Population distribution based on environment

A
  • biophysical opportunities and constraints
  • land makes up 30% of the Earth’s surface, deficiency of water (28%), soils unfit for cultivation (22%), water logging (10%) and permafrost (6%) allow for only 11% of land that offers no serious limitation
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10
Q

Exponential population growth

A
  • when a factor grows by a constant proportion (i.e. doubling)
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11
Q

Current population growth

A

More than 77 million annually (1.3-1.5% growth)

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12
Q

Natural increase formula

A

Natural increase = crude birth rate - crude death rate

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13
Q

Demographic transition

A

Transition from a high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialised economic system

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14
Q

Human population planning

A

Practise of artificially altering the rate of growth of a population

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15
Q

Example of discouraging pregnancy

A

Chinese Government’s One Child Policy

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16
Q

Example of encouraging pregnancy

A

Australia’s baby bonus: “One for mum, one for dad, one for the country” - offered lump sum payments of 2000-3000 dollars

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17
Q

Population decline in MEDCs

A

Result of a sub-replacement fertility (lower than 2.0), urban decay, white flight or rural flight, violence, disease or other catastrophes

18
Q

Japan’s decline

A
  • Highest percentage of people aged 60+ in the world, with 1/4 of the japanese population over 65
  • Japanese men no longer possess the level of ambition to date, marry and reproduce (more committed to work ethic, or prefer lower commitment levels like online gfs)
  • Women have the ability to make further strides in the workplace
  • fertility rate of 1.4
  • less than 2% of babies are born out of wedlock
19
Q

definition: Migration

A

the act of moving from one place to another with the intention of staying at the destination permanently or for a relatively long period of time

20
Q

Emigration

A

movement out of an area

21
Q

Immigration

A

movement of people into an area

22
Q

Internal migration

A

Population movements within a country

23
Q

International Migration

A

Movement across national borders

24
Q

Voluntary migration

A

Movement by a population who wishes to improve their economic and social wellbeing / gain personal freedom

25
Q

Forced migration

A

Result of circumstances beyond the control of the individual such as natural disasters, wars and civil unrest

26
Q

Internally displaced

A

Those displaced by conflicts within their country of origin

27
Q

Refugee

A

A person who cannot return to their country of origin without risking serious harm because of a well-grounded fear of persecution

28
Q

Features of contemporary population

A
  • globalisation of migration
  • an increase in the volume of migration
  • a growing diversity in the type of migration
  • increase proportion of women in all types of migration
  • increasing international mobility of highly qualified personnel
  • movements associated with economic and social change in industrialised countries
29
Q

International migration stat

A

More than 244 million people live outside the country they were born in (a 41% increase since 2000)

30
Q

Resettlement migration

A
  • number of professionals migrating permanently has increased
  • Europe, North America and Australia have accepted thousands of doctors and engineers from developing countries
31
Q

Stats about Australia and immigration

A
  • Since WWII, Australia has welcomed 7 million+ immigrants. One in three of Australia’s current population was born overseas.
  • 2015-2016: Australia received 189770 migrants, 128550 = skilled migration stream, 57400 = family migration stream, 72840 = general skilled migration
32
Q

Contract migration

A
  • undertaken for a contractual period
  • part of the income sent home
  • 50 - 60 million of 244 million immigrants are foreign workers
33
Q

Guest workers

A

Jobs that locals are less willing / unable to do - fulfilled by guest workers who live under strict contracts
link to women domestic exploitation

34
Q

Business migrations

A

Globalisation of economic activity influences an increase in international movement of professionals (Japan’s firms have more than 110 500 assigned overseas)

35
Q

Forced migration

A

Movement of refugees and IDP.

  • 70-80s: large numbers escaping Lebanon and Afghanistan + Syria
  • South America: thousands fled repressive military regimes
  • collapse of Soviet Union
36
Q

Refugees, Asylum Seeker and IDP stats

A
  1. 5 million refugees in 2016
  2. 3 million IDPS
  3. 8 million asylum seekers
37
Q

Brain Drain

A

describes the loss of educated people from LEDCs to MEDCs

- Asia to America: 192 000

38
Q

Brain Drain: Haiti

A

Rate of 83.4%, 200 000 people enter the workforce annually (only demand for 10%)

39
Q

Case Study: Syrian Forced Migration

A
  • Began with demonstrations in 2011 protesting the dictatorial leader
  • more than 5 million refugees have fled the country
  • population has more than halved
40
Q

Internal Migration - Australia

A

15% of the population change their address annually

people with higher education tend to move more

highest migration rates are those with industry qualifications in tourism and mining

41
Q

One Child Policy

A

Use of propaganda
Use of ‘grandmas’ (surveillance)
Use of benefits such as birth coupons, monthly payments, preferential treatment for that child, pension benefits

Use of punishments: forced sterilisation, loss of benefits, fines of up to 15% income, child is not a member of the population

42
Q

One Child Policy Stats

A

Estimated 200 million prevented births.
Patriarchy: 117 boys for every 100 girls
Elderly population: 130 million elderly residents

Geography 2020 (3 decks)

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