Population Geography Flashcards
List Factor That Link To Population Change
Economic development
Education
The environment
The status of women
Epidemics and other health threats
Access to family planning information and services
What Two Factors Control Population Growth?
Natural increase (number of births- number of deaths)
Net migration (immigration-emigration)
Define Population Growth Rate
The percentage by which a population changes in one year due to natural increase and net migration
What Is The Population Growth Rate (PGR) Formula?
Population Increase/Population at beginning of period x 100 = PGR
Define Fertility Rates
The average number of children born to a woman of child bearing age
Why Are Fertility Rates Important?
Give an insight into the future demographic trends and predict the population growth
Give ONE Case Study For A Solutions To Contol Population Growth
China’s One Child Policy
- Keep its booming population in check by implimenting a one child policy
- Lead to severe imbalances in Chinese society
- Worst side effect of the policy is the missing women
- Male children are prefered in Chinese society female children are oftern killed, aborted or given up for adoption in an effort to try again for a boy
- 4,2,1 issue
- Chinese society stesses children are to take care of ageing relatives
- One child policy means a single child is left responsible for both parents and all four grandparents
- Creates tremendous strain with no siblings to help
Define Mortality Rates
A measure of the deaths per 1000 people in a given year
Define Infant Mortality Rates
The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births.
What Is The Use Of Infant Mortality Rates?
Used as an indicator of the level of health in a country
List Factor Effecting Mortality
Nutritional standards
Standards of personal hygiene and effluent disposal
Access to safe drinking water and the incidence of infectious
diseases
Access to medical and public health technology, including
immunisation, antibiotics, and insecticides
Give A Case Study For The Effects Of Low Fertility Rates
South Korea
- Reasons for decline include:
Economic slowdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic
Booming housing market and cost of houses
Marrying later in life and on average are waiting longer to have children - Impact of low fertility rates:
Population decline (In 2021, the population fell by about 57,300 from the previous year)
An ageing population (youth population of Korea dropped from 14 million to 10.2 million)
Decline in labour forces will slow down the economic growth
Military personnel will reduce by nearly half over the next two decades - Solutions:
Government Intervention
Started providing a monthly allowance of 300,000 won ($250) to parents who have a newborn until the child reaches the age of 1
Have failed to raise the fertility rates or population growth rates in South Korea
List Individual Influences On Fertility Rates
Age, relationship status, parity, education and inclome, gender role attitudes, ethnicity, religion, family size of origin
List Direct Policies Impliment To Lift Fertility Rates
Cash Transfers (baby bonus), tex benifits, specific subsidies (e.g. housing), elihibility rules for welfare
List Indirect Direct Policies Impliment To Lift Fertility Rates
Childcare
- Avaliablity
- Cost
- Quality
Perental Leave
- Duration
- Replacement wage
What Is A Demographic Transition Model (DMT)?
A chart based on the historical trends of birth rates and death rates
How Many Stages Are In A Demographic Transition Model
5
List The Stages In A Demographic Transition Model
- High fluctuating
- Early expanding
- Late expanding
- Low fluctuating
- Declining
Give Characteristics Of Stage 1 In A Demographic Transition Model
Birth and death rate fluxuate at high levels, results in low population growth rates
Give Characteristics Of Stage 2 In A Demographic Transition Model
Birth rates remain hight while death rates rapidly fall, result is a rapidly growing population
Give Characteristics Of Stage 3 In A Demographic Transition Model
Birth rate fall rapidly and death rate fall but at a slower rate, result is a slowly increaing population
Give Characteristics Of Stage 4 In A Demographic Transition Model
Birth and death rates remain low, fluctuating slightly to give a steady population
Give Characteristics Of Stage 5 In A Demographic Transition Model
Birth rates fall below death rates, to give a declining population
What Are The Two Main Types Of Population Movement?
Internation migration (between countries)
Internal migration (within a country)
List Types Of International Movement
Resettelment, forced movement, contract
List Types Of Internal Movement
Seasonal movement, rural-urban, counter-urbanisation, gentrification, suburbanization
Define Resettlement Migration
Make a conscious choice to migrate and settle permanently in the hope they will achieve a better quality of life for themselves and their families elsewhere
Define Contract Migrations
Usually undertaken for a specified period of time and relate to contracted employment
Define Forced Migrations
Used to describe the movement of refugees and internally displaced people
Define Refugee
a person who cannot return to their country of origin without risking serious harm because
of a well-grounded fear of persecution based on their race, religion, nationality, or political views
Define Internally Displaced Person
People who have been displaced from their homes but do not cross international borders
Explain ONE Refugee Case Study
Ukraine Refugee Crisis
- Escalation of conflict in Ukraine has caused civilian casualties and destruction of civilian infrastructure
- Forcing people to flee their homes seeking safety, protection and assistance
- 5.8 million refugee arrivals from Ukrain
Explain Rural-Urban Migrations
Populations drift towards large cities from rural areas
Define Rural-Urban Migration
The shift of the population from rural to urban areas
Define Urbanisation
The proportion of a population living in major urban towns and cities as a result of rural-urban migration
Explain Counter-Urbanisation
People are choosing to leave larger cities and urban centers to move into smaller communities
List Reasons For Counter-Urbanisation
Quality of life
The ability to work remotely
Improvement in transport – allows for commute
Retired people seeking lifestyle change
Explain Seasonal Movement
Movement or migration that is determined by seasons
Often occurs for work or tourism purposes
Define Gentrification
The process whereby rundown inner-urban homes are purchased and refurbished by young middle-income and high-income earners
Define Urban Consolidation
The process that increases population densities in older inner-city areas where the existing infrastructure is under-utilised
Explain Suburbanisation
People move from inner-urban areas to the expanding suburbs at the city’s outskirts
