Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 1 > Population Genetics > Flashcards

Population Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

difference between chromosome gene and allele

A

chromosomes are structural units of genetic material then the genes are the units of heredity located on chromosomes then the alleles are the versions of a gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the monohybrid test cross

A

determine if an individual exhibiting a dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous
gross the unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

difference between incomplete dominance and co-dominance

A

incomplete - dominant doesnt completely mask the effects of the recessive, shows intermediate phenotype
co - the heterozygote fully expresses the phenotype of both alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

describe results of a dihybrid cross (genes for 2 separate characteristics

A

if both heterozygous for both traits

9:3:3:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what dihybrid cross would produce a ratio of 1:1:1:1

A

heterozygous F2 (SsBb) x homozygous recessive (ssbb)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is mendels law of independent segregation

A

alleles separate independently of each other when forming gametes (meiosis 1)
gamete will only get 1 allele, a zygote will get 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is mendels law of independent assortment

A

alleles of genes on different chromosomes assort independently during gamete formation
in metaphase 1 of meiosis homologous chromosomes align independently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

If genes are located on the same chromosome what is the likelihood that they will remain together during crossover in prophase 1 related to

A

Indirectly proportional to the distance separating them

Far apart - small chance of staying together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

If genes are located on the same chromosome and the question states that the genes were link what would that mean

A

If A1B1 genes are linked on the same chromosome then their gametes would be A1B1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What’s the difference between single or double cross over in prophase 1

A

Single has less recombination variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mitochondria and mtDNA are inherited from the mother make it what type of lineage

A

Single so it can be traced back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

crossing over in prophase 1 provides genetic recombination, the likelihood genes on the same chromosome remain together is indirectly proportional to

A

the distance separating them

far apart = small chance of staying together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

mitochondria and mtDNA are inherited from the mother only making it what kind of lineage

A

single

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a Barr body

A

in somatic cells one X chromosome remains inactivated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is penetrance

A

probability of a gene or allele being expressed if it is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is expressivity

A

degree to which a particular phenotype expresses itself in the genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the order of taxonomical classification

A 
dumb kids playing cards on freeways get smashed
domain
kingdom
class
order
family
genus 
species
18
Q

what is a gene pool

A

total collection of alleles for all the loci in a population

19
Q

which conditions must be meant for there to be no change in the gene pool of a sexually reproducing population according to hardy weinberg

A 
large population
mutational equilibrium 
no change from immigration or emigration
random mating
no selection for the fittest organism
20
Q

how can you predict the genotype frequency of a gene with only 2 alleles in a population that exists in hardy Weinberg equilibrium *** will be on exam

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2
where p+q=1

where p and q are the frequencies of a gene in a population

21
Q

define species

A

group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

22
Q

what is speciation

A

single ancestral species splits into multiple new species or a single species evolves into a reproductively distinct new species

23
Q

what are the two types of genetic drift

A

bottleneck effect: a population contracts to a significantly smaller size over a short period of time due to a random environmental event thereby leading to a loss of alleles
founder effect: small group of individuals leaves to establish a new population which their gene pool will reflect the alleles carried by the founders

24
Q

what is gene flow

A

transfer of alleles of genes from one population to another

25
Q

what is the result of inbreeding

A

frequency of homozygotes increases while heterozygotes decreases
genetic diversity decreases

26
Q

what is the result of outbreeding

A

increases heterozygosity

27
Q

what is the difference between evolution and natural selection ***

A

evolution is the change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms over time and natural selection is a mechanism for this. natural selection is considered survival of the fittest

28
Q

what is a niche

A

all of the biotic and abiotic factors required by an organism

29
Q

what is carrying capacity

A

max population size of a species that can be sustained indefinitely by the environment

30
Q

what are some qualities of r selected species (r think rabbits )

A

put more energy into reproduction than parental care
present in unstable or unpredictable environments
often small body size and early maturity onset

31
Q

what are some qualities of k related species (k think kids )

A

put energy into ensuring offspring survive
found in stable environments often close to the max the environment can bear so must be able to compete for limited resources
large body size
long life expectancy
production of fewer offspring

32
Q

define karyotype

A

number of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

33
Q

define mendelian error

A

allele in an individual which could not have been received from either of its biological parents by mendelian inheritance

34
Q

define leakage

A

gene flow from one species to another

35
Q

define adaptive radiation

A

evolution of ecological and phenotypic diversity in a lineage that allows them to exploit a range of divergent environments

36
Q

define divergent evolution

A

2 or more species evolving from the same group maintain a similar structure from eh common ancestor
ex. Darwins finches

37
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

two species evolve similar traits with no recent common ancestor
ex. bats and birds have wings

38
Q

define polymorphism

A

2 or more different phenotypes exist in the same population of species

39
Q

define mutualism

A

interaction between 2 species where each individual derives a fitness benefit
ex. bees pollinate flowers

40
Q

define commensalism

A

relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

41
Q

define genetic drift

A

change in allelic frequency of a population due to random sampling caused by bottleneck or founder effect

Biology 1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions