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Biology 1 > Molecular Genetics > Flashcards

Molecular Genetics Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What are the complementary base pairs in nitrogenous bases

A

AT double bond

CG triple bond

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2
Q

Nucleoside vs nucleotide

A 
Side = base + ribose sugar
Tide = base + sugar + phosphate ( t = t)
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3
Q

Explain the semi conservative process of DNA replication

A

Helicase unzips Parent DNA
RNA polymerase creates an RNA primer.
DNA polymerase 3 adds complementary nucleotides on the 3’ end (5’-3’)
RNAse H removes primers
Gaps are filled by DNA polymerase 1 and any nicks are sealed by ligase

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4
Q

Explain the difference between leading and lagging strand and why that’s a thing

A

Nucleotides can only be added from 5’ - 3’
Leading is continuously synthesized only requiring one primer
Lagging stars and has Okazaki fragments that require many primers

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5
Q

Difference between prokaryote and eukaryote DNA replication

A

Pro - 1 origin of replication on each circular chromosome (plasmid)
Euk - multiple origins on each linear chromsome

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6
Q

All nucleotide processed go in which direction

A

5’ to 3’

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7
Q

What does telomerase do

A

Lengthen the end of eukaryotic chromosome with telomeres

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8
Q

Define gene vs genome

A

Series of DNA nucleotides that code for an RNA product

Genome contains the entire DNA sequence of an organism

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9
Q

what is the central dogma *****

A

DNA is transcribed into RNA which is translated into amino acids (proteins)

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10
Q

4 differences of RNA to DNA

A

can leave the nucleus (DNA only in nucleus and mitochondria
Uracil instead of thymine
Has an OH group
Single stranded

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11
Q

Primary rna

A

Immature strand of mRNA

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12
Q

Messenger rna

A

Primary rna is processed to encode for a blueprint used in translation

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13
Q

Ribosomal rna

A

Rna component of a ribosome

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14
Q

Transfer rna

A

Transfer amino acids to growing polypeptide

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15
Q

3 phases of transcription

A

Initiation , elongation, termination

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16
Q

Initiation phase of transcription

A

RNA polymerase binds to promoter or TATA box then unzips DNA and forms a transcription bubble

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17
Q

Elongation phase of transcription

A

RNA polymerase transcribes the template (antisense) strand adding nucleotides 5’-3’ creating a primary RNA transcript with the same sequence as the coding strand (sense)

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18
Q

mRNA strand made in transcription is complementary to _____ and the same as ______

A

Complements the template strand
Same as the coding strand
** uracil instead of thymine

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19
Q

Termination phase terminates transcription which it hits which sequence

A

UAA UAG UGG

Remember on the template strand UAA would be ATT and coding strand would be TAA

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20
Q

Do page 59 in classroom companion**

A

Ok

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21
Q

3 types of post transcriptional modification

Does this occur in bacteria mRNA?!

A

MRNA in bacteria are translated directly into a protein. eukaryotes undergo

  1. 5’ cap methyl guanine cap is added to 5’ end protects from degradation by exonucleases
  2. Poly A tail on 3’ end , the string of adenin protects from degradation
  3. Splicing - introns are cleaved and Exxon’s are spliced together by snRNPs
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22
Q

What is a ribozymes

Study These Flashcards
A

RNA molecule that can catalyze reactions , one of the few enzymes that’s not a protein

23
Q

What happens to mRNA after post transcriptional modification

Study These Flashcards
A

Exons Exit the nucleus into cytoplasm to undergo translation

24
Q

Start codon

25
MRNA nucleotides strung together form the genetic code which has 3 key features
Unambiguous - codes from a specific amino acid Degenerative - an amino acid can have more than one code Universal - all living organisms use the same code except the mitochondria
26
What are the sedimentation coefficients of prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosome
Pro - 30 + 50 (70) | Euk - 40 + 60 (80)
27
Describe translation process
TRNA with methionine enters P site to form initiation site. C end binds to N end of amino acid in a dehydration reaction. That tRNA goes to E site and exits while a new tRNA comes to A site until a stop codon reaches the A site
28
Ditrection of translation
5’ to 3’ and N to C
29
Is there proof reading in translation , transcription , replication
No Reduced High and fast
30
Key differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in transcription/translation
Pro - not membrane bound so can occur simultaneously therefore less regulation and control Euk - transcription in nucleus, translation in cytosol
31
When you come across a membrane bound protein (functions in ER rather than cytosol) how was it created
First couple of amino acids form a signal peptide that is recognized by RNA signal recognition particle that binds and then carries the ribosome complex to SRP receptor protein on the endoplasmic reticulum The N terminus of the peptide is orientated into the lumen (interior) and translation resumes with the peptide growing inside the lumen!
32
Difference between posttrascriptional control and posttranslational
Transcript - 5’cap, poly A tail, splicing | Translat - how proteins are folded, carbs or lipids added, exported
33
Silent point mutation
Codon codes for same amino acid
34
Missense point mutation
Codon codes for different amino acid that may or may not impact the protein
35
Nonsense
Changes to stop codon resulting in non functional protein
36
Frameshift
Insertion not in a multiple of 3 alters the reading frame
37
Nonframeshift mutation
Multiple of 3 nucleotide inserted into gene sequence
38
Explain what goes wrong that cancer cells form
No apoptosis Proto-oncogene is a normal gene that becomes an oncogene due to a mutation often caused by a carcinogen Loss of tumor suppressor gene
39
How does DNA become a chromosome
DNA wraps around his tones to form nucleosides which become a solenoid then chromatin which become chromosomes
40
What is a chromosome
Organized DNA+protein structure in the nucleus | Single double helix of coiled DNA that contains genes
41
Cell cycle for somatic cells consists of mitosis and interphase , what are the stages of interphase
after mitosis G0 = cell arrest G1 = growth S = 46 chromosomes duplicated into sister chromatids G2 = double check
42
What is mitosis and what does it produce
Nuclear cell division * no genetic change | 2 genetically identical daughter cells with 46 chromosomes
43
4 phases of mitosis
Prophase - chromosome condenses, spindle forms Metaphase - chromosomes align Anaphase - sister chromatids separate, cytokinesis begins Telophase - new nuclear membrane forms
44
What does diploid mean
Cell has homologous pairs
45
In the nucleus of a human cell there are 46 chromosomes before replication, how many are there after replication
46 chromosomes still!!!! | Refer to duplicates as sister chromatids, this is a very important concept
46
What is the result of meiosis
Four haploid gametes from a single diploid germ cell
47
What happens during prophase 1 of meiosis
Homologous chromosome s(same genes) form a tetrad which is held together at the chiasmata where crossing over of genetic material occurs
48
Product after meiosis 1
Haploid 23 chromosomes / 46 chromatids
49
3 ways eukaryotes increase genetic diversity
Crossing over in prophase 1 Random assortment in metaphase 1 Fertilization
50
What is nondisjunction and how serious is it
Failure of chromosome pairs to separate at anaphase resulting in aneuploid cells which is not much of an impact on somatic cells but can be severe in embryogenesis
51
Monopoly vs trisomy
Mono - loss of single chromosome in zygote - often not viable Tri - addition of chromosome in zygote
52
See page 90 for differences between mitosis and meiosis
Ok
53
how are dna nucleotides linked
covalent phosphodiester bond formed by dehydration between OH of 3' carbon and the phosphate attached to the 5' carbon

Biology 1 (5 decks)

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