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biology 1001 > Population Ecology > Flashcards

Population Ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the Mechanisms of Density Dependent population Regulation?

A

Density depedent is birth rate and death rates are an example of NEGATIVE that regulates population growth

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2
Q

What are the Mechanisms of Density Dependent population Regulation affected by?

A

it is affected by many factors such as competition, resources, diseases and predation, toxic wastes.

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3
Q

What are the Mechanisms of Density Dependent population Regulation do?

A
  • it increases population density and intensifies competition for resources and results in lower birth rate.
  • it is a accusation of toxic wastes
  • Also as a prey population builds up predators and they may feed pregerbtially on that species
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4
Q

What are some other factors?

A
  • Some populations INTRINSIC factors appear to regulate population size.
  • Many vertebrates and some invertebrates competition for TERRITORIAL may limit density.
  • population density can influence the health and survival of an organism.
  • In DENSE populations pathogens can spread more rapidly.
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5
Q

What is population Dynamics?

A

Study that focuses on the complex interactions between BIOTIC and ABIOTIC factors that cause VARIATION IN POPULATION SIZE. (The weather and predator can affect the population size)

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6
Q

What are communities ?

A

An assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interaction.

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7
Q

What is an ecological niche?

A

Total species use of BIOTIC and ABIOTIC resources called species. They can also be a ecological role.

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8
Q

What is resource portioning ?

A

Differentiation of ecological niche, enabling similar species to coexist in a community.

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9
Q

How does natural selection come into ecological niche?

A

By having similar species coexisting in a community if there are more significant differences in their niches.

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10
Q

What is a fundamental niche?

A

Potentially occupied by that species.

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11
Q

What is a realized niche?

A

Actually occupied by that species.

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12
Q

What does competition result ?

A

Species fundamental niche may differ from its realized niche.

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13
Q

What type of community interactions are there ?

A

Interspecific interactions, competition, predation, intraspecific.*

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14
Q

What is intraspecific?

A

Between individuals of the same community.

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15
Q

What is interspecific?

A

Between individuals of different communities.

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16
Q

What is exploitation competition ?

A

Organisms compete indirectly through composition limited resources.

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17
Q

What is interference competition?

A

Organisms interact directly with one another by physical force or intimidation.

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18
Q

What is interspecific competition?

A

occurs when species COMPETE FOR A RESOURCE IN SHORT SUPPLY.

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19
Q

What is competitive exclusion ?

A

Local elimination of a competing resources.

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20
Q

What does the competitive exclusion principal state ?

A

Two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place.

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21
Q

What is predation ?

A

Refers to interaction where one species the predator kills and eats the prey.

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22
Q

What is predation capable of ?

A

defensive adaptions, behavioral differences which includes hiding, fleeing, forming herds, schools, self defense, alarm calls.

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23
Q

What is cryptic coloration ?

A

Camouflage, makes prey difficult to spot.

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24
Q

What do preys affect?

A

Prey densities.

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25
Q

What is the importance of predation ?

A
  • DONOR-CONTROLLED SYSTEM- The prey supply is determined by factors other than predation such as food supply.
  • PREDATOR CONTROLLED SYSTEM- action of predator feeding reduces supply of prey.
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26
Q

What is a generalist herbivores?

A

Can feed on many plants species.

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27
Q

What is a specialist herbivore?

A

Restricted to one or two host plants.

28
Q

What two proposal explain why every plant isn’t consumed ?

A
  • PREDATOR +PARASITES- keep herbivore number low

- PLANT DEFENSE - make a difference.

29
Q

What is secondary metabolites?

A

Are not a part of primary energy generating metabolic pathway.

30
Q

What are the three parts of the secondary metabolites?

A

Alkaloids, phenolics, tepenoids.

31
Q

What is an alkaloids?

A

nicotine, morphine, caffeine, cocaine.

32
Q

What is a phenolics?

A

Ligin in wood in leaves.

33
Q

What is tepenoids?

A

In peppermint.

34
Q

What is Mechanical defenses?

A

Like thorns and spines.

35
Q

What happens in parasitism?

A

An organism which is a parasite derives from nourishment from another organism.

36
Q

What is a host?

A

Which is harmed in the process.

37
Q

What is endoparasite?

A

Parasites that live within the body of their hosts.

38
Q

What is a ectoparasite?

A

Parasite that live on the external surface of a host.

39
Q

What are the two pathways in Detoxifying ?

A

Oxidation and conjugation.

40
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Catalysis secondary metabolite to correspond alcohol by mixed function to oxidases.

41
Q

What is conjugation ?

A

Results of oxidation with another molecule to create inactive and readily excreted product.

42
Q

What is mutualism?

A

Close associations between species in which both species benefit.

43
Q

What is commensalism?

A

One member derives a benefit while the other is not benefited or harmed.

44
Q

What is trophic mutualism?

A

Both utilize a common resource.

45
Q

What is defensive mutualism?

A

Is when an animal defends a plant or herbivore.

46
Q

What is dispersive mutualism?

A
  • Plant would like pollinator with FIDELITY TO ONE SPECIES that moves quickly among individuals.
  • Animal wants to be a GENERALIST to get the most food in a small area reducing energy.
  • Mutualism’s are beneficial.
47
Q

What is commensalism?

A

One member derives a benefit while the other neither benefits nor is harmed.

48
Q

What is phoresy?

A

One organism uses another for transportation.

49
Q

What is cheating?

A

Ex would be a plant cheat seed dispersal agent out of meal with barbs or hooks on seeds.

50
Q

What is the the diversity and trophic structure characterize??

A
  • Few species in a community strong control on that community structure.
  • 2 fundamental features of a community structure are species and feeding relationships.
51
Q

What is facilitation?

A

interaction where one species can have positive effects on another species without direct and intimate contact.

52
Q

What are the 3 key distinctions between succession ?

A

Facilitation, inhibition, tolerance.

53
Q

What is inhibition?

A

Species replacement is inhibited by previous colonists.

54
Q

What is tolerance?

A

species replacement is unaffected by previous.

55
Q

What is species diversity?

A

Variety of a organisms that make up a community.

56
Q

What does two components does species diversity have ?

A
  • SPECIES RICHNESS- total number of different species in the community.
  • RELATIVE ABUNDANCE- Proportion each species represents of the total individuals in the community.
57
Q

What is invasive species?

A

Are resistant organisms that become established outside their native range.

58
Q

What do communities with higher diversity have ?

A
  • More productive and stable in their environment.

- Better able to withstand and recover from stress.

59
Q

What is trophic structure?

A

Feeding relationship between organisms in a community. key factor in a community dynamics.

60
Q

What is a food chain?

A

Link trophic levels from producers to top carnivores.

61
Q

What are dominant species?

A

The most abundant or have the highest biomass. Have powerful control over the occurrence and distribution of other species. They are competitive. They are successful at avoiding predators.

62
Q

What are keystone species?

A

Exert strong control on a community by their ecological roles and niches.

63
Q

What is bottom up model?

A

Community organization proposes a unidirectional influence from lower to higher levels.

64
Q

What is a top down model?

A

Proposes control comes from trophic level above.

65
Q

What is ecological succession?

A

Sequence of the community and ecosystem changes after a disturbance.

66
Q

What is primary succession ?

A

Occurs when no soil exists when succession begins.

67
Q

What is secondary succession?

A

Begins in an area where soil remains after a disturbance.

biology 1001 (2 decks)

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