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biology 1001 > Descent with modification > Flashcards

Descent with modification Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was Thomas Malthus?

A

theorized that over production of population led to limited resources, CARRY CAPACITY + NATURAL SELECTION.

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2
Q

Who was George Cuvier?

A

Father of vertebrate paleontology, found that older fossils in that stratum looked like a current life forms.

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3
Q

What are adaptions?

A

Animals gain characteristics that enhance their survival and reproduction in given environment.

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4
Q

What does adaption go through?

A

Natural selection.

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5
Q

What is decent modification?

A

Explanation of life unity and diversity.

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6
Q

What is natural selection?

A

is the mechanism.

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7
Q

What is the origin of species?

A

Descent modification and natural selection.

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8
Q

What were Darwin’s observations?

A
  1. Variability in traits within a population.
  2. Traits are inherited from parent to child.
  3. All species are capable of reproducing beyond the support of the environment.
  4. No two of the same species are exactly alike even if they have the same parents.
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9
Q

What is homology?

A

similar resulting from common ancestry and is the result of divergent evolution.

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10
Q

What is homologous structures?

A

anatomical resemblance that represents variations on a structural theme presenting a common ancestor.

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11
Q

What is convergent?

A

Evolution of similar or ANALOGOUS features in distantly related groups.

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12
Q

What are analogous traits?

A

Is when groups in a penalty adapt to similar environments in similar ways.

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13
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Does not provide information about ancestry.

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14
Q

What are homologous genes?

A

2 genes derived from the same ancestor, reveals molecular details of evolutionary change.

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15
Q

What has to be the same in homologous genes?

A

Two sequences must be the same but not identical due to the independent accumulation of different random mutations.

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16
Q

What is speciation?

A

Origins of new species is at the focal point of evolutionary theory.

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17
Q

What is evolutionary theory?

A

Explains how new species originate and how populations evolve.

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18
Q

What is microevolution?

A

Changes in a single gene in a population over time, is a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations.

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19
Q

What is macroevolution?

A

Formation of new species of groups of species.

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20
Q

What are the three mechanisms of allele frequency change?

A
  1. Natural selection
  2. Random genetic drift
  3. Gene flow through migration
  4. nonrandom mating
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21
Q

What is relative fitness?

A

Contribution of an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals.

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22
Q

What does the cause of adaptive evolution lead too?

A

Greater relative fitness.

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23
Q

What are the outcomes of natural selection?

A
  • Directional selection
  • Distributive selection
  • stabilizing selection
  • balancing selection
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24
Q

What does balancing selection maintain?

A

Genetic diversity.

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25
Q

What is balancing polymorphism?

A

two or more alleles are kept in balance and therefore are maintained in a population over the course of many generations.

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26
Q

What are the two common ways for balancing polymorphism?

A
  • For a single gene it is heterozygote favored

- Negative frequency dependent selection which is rare, have higher fitness.

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27
Q

What is reproductive advantage?

A

When natural selection consistently increases the frequencies of alleles.

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28
Q

What is evolutionary natural selection?

A

involves both chance and sorting, new genetic variations, beneficial alleles are assorted and favored.

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29
Q

Why cant natural selection fashion perfect organisms?

A
  1. selection can act only on EXISTING VARIATIONS.
  2. evolution is LIMITED BY HISTORICAL CONSTRAINTS.
  3. adaptions are often COMPROMISES
  4. chance NATURAL SELECTION, AND THE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTS.
30
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

smaller number of individuals become isolated from large populations.

31
Q

What is the bottleneck?

A

Disaster strikes chance alone leads to certain alleles being more or less present in surveyors. MIGRATION and NONRANDOM MATING.

32
Q

What can bottleneck do ?

A

-Can reduce genetic variation in population, can have drastic results in smaller populations, can contribute to speciation.

33
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Significant in smal populations.

34
Q

What are the three changes in genetic drift?

A
  1. Cause allele frequencies to change at random.
  2. can lead to a loss or fixation of an allele.
  3. can become fixed.
35
Q

How many forms of nonrandom mating are there?

A

3, assortative, disassortative, inbreeding.

36
Q

What is inbreeding?

A

Does not favor any particular allele but does increase the likelihood of the individual will be homologous. May have negative consequences to recessive alleles.

37
Q

What is disassortative mating?

A

favors heterozygous dissimilar phenotypes.

38
Q

What is assortative mating?

A

Individuals with similar phenotypes are more likely to mate.

39
Q

What is gene flow?

A

consists of the movement of alleles among populations.

40
Q

What are the two movements in gene flow?

A

Immigration, emigration.

41
Q

What is gene flow more likely to do?

A

Than MUTATION to alter the allele frequencies directly.

42
Q

What is mutation?

A

occurs in germ line, single mutation can have a large effect but in many cases evolutionary chance is bard on the accumulation of many mutations.

43
Q

What does sex do in mutations?

A

Introduces new gene combinations into a population.

44
Q

What are hybrids?

A

Offspring of crosses between different species.

45
Q

What is reproductive?

A

isolation is the existence of biological concept that impede two species from producing.

46
Q

What are the limitations in biological species concept?

A
  • cannot be applied to fossils or asexual organisms
  • emphasizes absence of gene flow
  • gene flow can occur between distinct species
47
Q

What is biological species concept?

A

States that SPECIES is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and product viable, fertile to offspring they do no breed successfully with other populations.

48
Q

How many defintions of species is there?

A

3, morphological, ecological, phylogenetic.

49
Q

What is morphological concept?

A

Defines a species by the structural features and is asexual.

50
Q

What is ecological concept?

A

views a species in terms of ecological niche, applies asexual by distributive selection.

51
Q

What is phylogenetic concept?

A

defines a species as the smallest group of individuals on a phylogenetic tree. Can be sexual or asexual.

52
Q

What is cladoenic speciation?

A

When a population is different enough from its ancestral species so that no genetic exchange can occur between them. It appears from REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION MECHANISM.

53
Q

What are the two modes of cladoenic speciation?

A
  1. Allopatric speciation.

2. Sympatric speciation.

54
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

When members that are WITHIN THE SAME RANGE diverge into 2 or more different species EVEN THOUGH THER ARE NO PHYSICAL BARRIERS TO INTERBREED.

55
Q

How many mechanisms are there for sympatric speciation?

A

3, Polyploidy, adaption to local environment, sexual selection.

56
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

Takes place in populations with geographically separate ranges. GENE FLOW is interrupted and new species evolve.

57
Q

What does allopatric speciation do?

A

Separate population encounter DIFFERENT SELECTIVE PRESSURE and its gene pool is subjected to bottleneck.

58
Q

What is adaption to local environments?

A

geographic area may have variation so that some members of a population may diverge to copy different local environment that are continuous with one another.

59
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

Certain females prefer males with one color pattern, while other females prefer males with a different color.

60
Q

What is distributive selection?

A

animals diverge mostly due to reproductive isolation.

61
Q

What is reproductive isolation?

A

Result of GENETIC FACTORS that causes offspring rely on resources not used to previous generations.

62
Q

What is a hybrid zone?

A

Region in which members of different species mate and produce hybrids.

63
Q

What does adaptive radiation do?

A
  • Produced from a combination of ALLOPATRIC and SYMPATRIC speciation.
  • Separation from ancestral species ALLOPATRICALLY.
  • Presence of a variety of open ecological niches provide opportunity for SYMPATRIC speciation.
64
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

Rapid evolution of diversity adaptives species from common ancestor.

65
Q

What does adaptive radiation follow?

A
  • mass extinction.
  • evolution of novel characteristics.
  • colonization of new regions.
66
Q

What is gradualism?

A

new species evolves over long spans of time, large phenotypic differences that produce new species are due to the accumulation of many small genetic changes.

67
Q

What is punctuated equilibrium?

A

tempo more sporadic, rapid bursts of changes, from long time periods.

68
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

Naming, describing, classifying extinct organisms and viruses.

69
Q

What is systematics?

A

Study of biological diversity and the EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ORGANISMS both extinct modem.

70
Q

How many domains are there?

A

3, archaea, fungi, eukarya.

71
Q

What is a taxon?

A

Group at any levels.

biology 1001 (2 decks)

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