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General Ecology > Population Ecology > Flashcards

Population Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

for ecologists, it is a group of individuals of single species inhabiting specific area

A

Population

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2
Q

Physical environmental conditions that allow individuals of species to survive AND reproduce

A

Habitat

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3
Q

Ability of environmental conditions to support reproduction and survival

A

Habitat quality

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4
Q

3 abilities of environmental conditions to support reproduction and survival

A

– Habitat area/volume
– Resource concentration
– Time

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5
Q

High habitat quality = organisms acquire many resources; high survival + reproduction =

A

large population

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6
Q

Characteristics of a population

A
  1. Distribution
  2. Density
  3. Abundance
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7
Q

a group of similar species living in a certain place at the same time.

A

Population

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8
Q

Physical environment limits geographic distribution of species
– Organisms can only compensate so much for environmental variation
Environment limits the geographic distribution of species

A

Distribution Limits

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9
Q

Arrangement of the individuals of a population within a particular space

A

Distribution

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10
Q

3 types of Distribution

A
  1. Random Distribution
  2. Uniform distribution
  3. Clumped distribution
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11
Q

organisms are spread throughout the area without an over-all pattern.

A

Random Distribution

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12
Q

– organisms are distributed over an area.

A

Uniform distribution

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13
Q

organisms are concentrated in an area.

A

Clumped distribution

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14
Q

3 reasons for clumped distribution

A
  1. Patchy distribution of physical and chemical condition suitable for growth;
  2. Some part of the habitat offer more protections to prey organism; and
  3. Dispersal of seeds, larvae and other representative forms of each generation is often limited.
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15
Q

_______ is brought by severe competition and positive antagonism among individuals.

A

Uniform distribution

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16
Q

Number of individuals in a population.

A

Size

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17
Q

Format of Sizing of species

A

Kind (what species) – time (what date/month/year) - Place – location – how many

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18
Q

Factors affecting the size of a population

A
  1. Natality
  2. Mortality
  3. Immigration
  4. Emigration
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19
Q

the number of species that are born

A

Natality

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20
Q

2 types of Natality

A
  1. maximum natality
  2. Ecological natality
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21
Q

absolute or theoritical production of new individual under ideal condition.

A

maximum natality

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22
Q

population increase under actual or environmental condition

A

Ecological Natality

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23
Q

the number of species that die

A

Mortality

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24
Q

2 types of mortality

A
  1. Minimum mortality
  2. Ecological mortality
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25
Q

– loss of individual under ideal condition

A

minimum mortality

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26
Q

loss of individual under given environmental condition

A

ecological mortality

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27
Q

the number of species that entered the land

A

Immigration

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28
Q

– the number of species that leave the land

A

emigration

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29
Q

Number of individuals of a species living in a particular area of that population.

A

density

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30
Q

Factors affecting density of a population

A
  1. resources
  2. diseases and parasites
  3. competition
  4. predation
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31
Q

Physical Factors Affecting Pop. Density

A
  1. Relief (shape and height of land)
  2. Resources
  3. Climate
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32
Q

Relief in High Density

A

Low land which is flat e.g. Ganges Valley in India

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33
Q

Relief in Low Density

A

High land that is mountainous e.g. Himalayas

34
Q

Resources in High Density

A

Areas rich in resources (e.g. coal, oil, wood, fishing etc.) tend to densely populated e.g. Western Europe

35
Q

Resources in Low Density

A

Areas with few resources tend to be sparsely populated e.g. The Sahel

36
Q

Climate in High Density

A

Areas with temperate climates tend to be densely populated as there is enough rain and heat to grow crops e.g. UK

37
Q

Climate in Low Density

A

Areas with extreme climates of hot and cold tend to be sparsely populated e.g. the Sahara Desert

38
Q

Human Factors Affecting Population Density

A
  1. Political
  2. Social
  3. Economic
39
Q

Political Factors in High Density

A

Countries with stable governments tend to have a high population density e.g. Singapore

40
Q

Political Factors in Low Density

A

Unstable countries tend to have lower population densities as people migrate e.g. Afghanistan.

41
Q

Social Factors in High Density

A

Groups of people want to live close to each other for security e.g. USA

42
Q

Social Factors in Low Density

A

Other groups of people prefer to be isolated e.g. Scandinavians

43
Q

Economic Factors in High Density

A

Good job opportunities encourage high population densities, particularly in large cities in MEDCs and LEDCs around the world.

44
Q

Economic Factors in Low Density

A

Limited job opportunities cause some areas to be sparsely populated e.g. Amazon Rainforest

45
Q

The number of offsprings that could theoretically exist if all offsprings survived and produced young.

A

Biotic potential

46
Q

Biotic potential depends on:

A

– Number of offspring produced at a given time
– Frequency of reproduction
– Reproductive life cycle of the organism

47
Q

collection of environmental factors that reduces the growth rate of a population

A

Environmental Resistance

48
Q

Number of individuals in a particular population that the environment can support over an indefinite period of time in terms of food, space, and shelter.

A

Carrying Capacity

49
Q

Environmental Resistance + Biotic Potential + Carrying Capacity

A

Size of Population

50
Q

Factors influencing population growth

A

o Density dependent limiting factor
o Density independent limiting factor

51
Q

directly associated with living things factor that depends on the size of population

A

Density dependent limiting factors

52
Q

influences the population regardless of the density

A

Density Independent Factors

53
Q

Density Independent Factors examples

A
  • changes in weather
  • temperature
  • daily and seasonal variations of sunlight
  • Amount of available air
  • Water and soil condition
  • Slope of the environment
54
Q

Types of Population Growth

A
  1. Logistic Growth
  2. Exponential Growth
55
Q

– have a period of rapid population growth, goes through a number of phases and eventually stops or slows down.

A

Logistic Growth

56
Q

– population growth is extremely rapid and at a constant rate.

A

Exponential Growth

57
Q

Slow increase in population growth due to increase density of population and increase in competition among members of population. Mortality increases, birth rate decreases.

A

Logistic Growth

58
Q

Population Growth rate of Logistic Growth

A

Maximum net reproduction per individual x Number of individuals x Portion of unexploited resources
m = r massN (K-N/K)

59
Q

Logistic Growth Curve

A

Sigmoid or S-shaped curve

60
Q

the maximum growth rate of population achieving biotic potential

A

Exponential Growth

61
Q

Population growth rate of Exponential Growth

A

Net Reproduction individual x No. of individuals
G=rN

62
Q

Exponential Growth Curve

A

J-shaped curve

63
Q

dN/dt = rN x (K – N)/K

A

d = instantaneous change in n
N = number of individuals already in a population
t = unit of time
r = realized intrinsic rate of population growth
K = carrying capacity

64
Q

Life Cycle

A
  1. Prereproductive Period (juvenile period)
  2. Reproductive Period
  3. Postreproductive period
65
Q

Over-all population growth rate under unlimited environmental conditions depend on the age composition and the specific growth rates due to ….

A

the reproduction of component age group

66
Q

a chart showing the age and sex distribution Age interval of the population in a given time.

A

Age Pyramid

67
Q

Types of Age Pyramid

A
  1. Pyramid with broad base
  2. Bell Shaped polygon
  3. Urn shaped
68
Q

Pyramid with large percentage of young individual

A

Pyramid with broad base

69
Q

Pyramid with moderate proportion of young to old

A

Bell Shaped polygon

70
Q

Pyramid with low percentage of young individual. Senile or declining population

A

Urn shaped

71
Q

Types of population pyramid1

A
  1. Stable pyramid
  2. Stationary pyramid
  3. Expansive pyramid
  4. Constrictive pyramid
72
Q
  • A population pyramid showing an unchanging pattern of fertility and mortality.
A

Stable pyramid

73
Q

A population pyramid typical of countries with low fertility and low mortality, very similar to a constrictive pyramid.

A

Stationary pyramid

74
Q
  • A population pyramid showing a broad base, indicating a high proportion of children, a rapid rate of population growth, and a low proportion of older people.
A

Expansive pyramid

75
Q

A population pyramid showing lower numbers or percentages of younger people. The country will have a greying population which means that people are generally older, as the country has long life expectancy, a low death rate, but also a low birth rate.

A

Constrictive pyramid

76
Q

recording of the births and deaths among individuals of different ages.

A

Life Table

77
Q

3 general types of survivorship curves

A
  1. Type 1 populations
  2. Type 2 populations
  3. Type 3 populations
78
Q

high survivorship until some age, then high mortality. ex. humans in developed countries and animals in zoos.

A

Type 1 populations

79
Q

fairly constant death rate at all ages ex. rodents, adult birds, and certain turtle species

A

Type 2 populations

80
Q

low survivorship early in life ex. fishes, seeds, and marine larvae

A

Type 3 populations

General Ecology (4 decks)

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