Community Ecology Flashcards
Composed of interacting populations of different species.
COMMUNITY
- a place where a population or an individual of a given species lives.
- It has physical and chemical conditions
Habitat
a full range of the abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species can live and reproduce
Niche
- relationship existing between individuals of two or more species.
- may be broadly classified as SYMBIOSIS; ANTAGONISM; NEUTRALISM.
Interspecific relationship
relationship existing within a population species.
Intraspecific relationship
Relationships with interactions between different trophic levels
- Predation
- Competition
Symbiotic Relationships
- Mutualism
- Parasitism
- Commensalism
- Protocooperation
In spite of two partners being involved in the association, only one species is benefited at the cost of the other. Hence one species is harmed.
Antagonism
Antagonism can be further classified as:
- antibiosis/amensalism
- parasitism
- predation
- competition
“Living together”
– refers to very close relationships
– a gradient of interactions
Symbiosis
neither population affects the other
Neutralism
Direct inhibition of each species by the other
Competition (direct interference type)
Indirect inhibition when common resource is in short supply
Competition (resource use type)
Population 1 inhibited, 2 not affected
Amensalism
Population 1 the parasite generally smaller than the host (2)
Parasitism
Population 1 the predator generally larger than the prey
Predation
Population 1 the commensal benefits while the host (2) is not affected
Commensalism
Interaction favorable to both but not obligatory
Protocooperation
Interaction favorable to both and obligatory
Mutualism
the relationship between two species which do interact but do not affect each other. It is to describe interactions where the fitness of one species has absolutely no effect whatsoever on that of other.
Neutralism
2 types of COMPETITION
- Direct Interference competition
- Resource use type competition
Direct inhibition of each species by the other
Direct Interference competition
Indirect inhibition when common resource is in short supply
Resource use type competition
Two or more organisms living together where one is harmed by the relationship without harming or benefiting the other.
AMENSALISM
Type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the host.
PARASITISM
Kind of Parasites
- Temporary or Partial parasites
- Permanent parasites
- External parasites
- Endoparasites
- Facultative parasites
The organisms spend only a part of their life cycle as parasites.
Temporary or Partial parasites
The organisms spend its entire life cycle as a parasite.
Permanent parasites
or ectoparasites: Are generally found on the outer surface and derive their nourishment from the body of the host.
External parasites
or internal parasites: Are found within the body of the host.
Endoparasites
Some parasites are parasitic only on a need basis. They remain free at other times.
Facultative parasites
PARASITE-HOST INTERACTIONS
Gradient of Effect Types:
–associated with length of relationship
1) Small Effect
2) Variable Effect
3) Large Effect
–reproduces in host
–requires low virulence
–infect reproductive system
Small Effect - parasite
–brief period in host
–virulence related to number of parasites in host
Variable Effect - parasite
–intermediate host
–alter intermediate host to gain access to definitive host
Large Effect - parasite
a biological interaction where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey, the organism that is attacked. Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation always results in the death of the prey.
PREDATION
Types of predation
- Cannibalism
- Parasitism
- Herbivory
is simply predation on another individual of the same species.
Cannibalism
as in predation, one species benefits (the parasite) while the second is harmed (the host). The distinction between these two types of interactions is that, typically, a predator kills its prey more or less immediately (e.g., a shark eating a tuna or a venus fly trap consuming a fly) whereas a parasite feeds for an extended period on a living host
Parasitism
occurs when an animal uses a plant as food. In most cases, a single act of herbivory does not kill a plant).
Herbivory
Predation has driven the evolution of some truly amazing phenomena, such as
• crypsis (camouflaging coloration),
• aposematism (warning coloration),
• mimicry, and
• other ways animals avoid being eaten.
Objective–find & catch
Predator
Objective–hide & escape
Prey
A class of relationship between two organisms where one organism benefits but the other is unaffected
COMMENSALISM
“sharing of food” in human social interaction, which in turn derives from the Latin cum mensa, meaning “sharing a table”.
COMMENSAL
a form of mutualism, but they do not depend on each other for survival.
PROTOCOOPERATION
An obligatory interaction between organisms leading to favorable result.
MUTUALISM
