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Ecology ni Ma'am J > Population Ecology > Flashcards

Population Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Provided mechanisms of evolutionary change in
population. Population descended from a common ancestor
whose descendants had changed after reaching
each island

A

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

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2
Q

process that changes populations of
organisms over time.

A

Evolution

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3
Q

characteristics producing that advantage

A

preserved

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4
Q

unfavorable
characteristics of other individuals

A

destroyed

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5
Q

First draft of theory of natural selection

A

1842

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6
Q

proposed that differential
survival and reproduction of individuals would
produce changes in species populations over
time

A

Darwin (1859)

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7
Q

an evolutionary process that
changes anatomy, physiology, or behavior, resulting in an improved ability of the members
of a population to live in a particular
environment.

A

Adaptation

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8
Q

rare traits, no matter
how favorable, would be blended out of a
population, preventing change as a
consequence.

A

Blending inheritance

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9
Q

Augustinian monk, developing the facility with
mathematics necessary to complete theory of
natural selection. - uncovered the basic mechanisms of
inheritance. - probability and statistics

A

Gregor Mendel

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10
Q

garden pea SN

A

Pisum sativum

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11
Q

consists of its observable characteristics, which result in interactions between the genetic makeup of the individual and their environment.

A

phenotype

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12
Q

the substrate upon which the environment acts during the process of natural selection determining the extent of sources in variation within population is one of the most fundamental consideration in evolutionary studies

A

Phenotypic variations

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13
Q

sticky cinquefoil SN

A

Potentilla glandulosa

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14
Q

variation among individuals in form and function as a result of environmental influences

A

Phenotypic plasticity

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15
Q

locally adapted and genetically distinctive populations within a species.

A

Ecotypes

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16
Q

Acts to impede changes or to stop changes in population
 Acts against extreme phenotypes and as a consequence it favors the average phenotype

A

Stabilizing population

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17
Q

have lower rates of reproduction and survival

A

Extreme phenotypes

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18
Q

Favors an extreme phenotype over other
phenotype in the population
 The larger individuals in the population would
have higher rate of survival and reproduction
 The average and small individuals would have
lower rates

A

Directional Selection

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19
Q

It favors two or more extreme phenotypes over
the average phenotypes in a population.  Individuals with average body size have lower
rate of survival and reproduction than
individuals of either large or small body

A

Disruptive Selection

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20
Q

that the environment
determines the evolution of the anatomy, physiology, and behavior of organism

A

theory of natural selection

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21
Q

the proportion of total phenotypic variation in a trait, such as body size or pigmentation, that is attributable to genetic variance

A

heritability

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22
Q

the environment has a substantial effect on many aspects of the phenotype of organisms. Food, amount of light, temperature, and other environmental factors

A

Environmental variance (VE)

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23
Q

with intermediate size beaks is
relatively uncommon or very few. High level of
immigrating and high mortality

A

Geospiza fortis

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24
Q

change in the frequency of an
existing gene variant in the population due to
random chance.

A

Genetic drift

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25
Q

the original population
undergoes a random event

A

bottleneck event

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26
Q

number of individuals in a
particular population is isolated from that
population

A

founding event

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27
Q

predicts that
small population size will be more subject to
genetic drift, which can result in a loss of
genetic variation

A

Hardy-Weinberg principle

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28
Q

who compared the
genetic diversity of Island and Mainland
the population of both animals and plants

A

Richard Frankham (1997)

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29
Q

organisms are solely found in a particular area or habitat

A

Endemic

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30
Q

lower in isolated and generally small, island populations

A

Genetic variation

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31
Q

cannot be eliminated as a contributor to the higher extinction rates observed on islands.

A

Genetic factors

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32
Q

Host for Melitaea cinxia

A

Plantago lanceolata and Veronica spicata

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33
Q

mating between close relatives, is more likely in small populations,

A

Inbreeding

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34
Q

indicator of genetic variability

A

Heterozygosity

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35
Q

animal and plant breeders have produced thousands of varieties of domesticated plants and animals from a wild ancestor

A

Artificial selection

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36
Q

alteration of the genetic makeup of an organism through the introduction or deletion of genes.

A

genetic engineering

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37
Q

The weeds in fields planted with genetically modified, herbicide-resistant soybeans can be controlled with herbicides, in a system of cultivation called

A

no-till agriculture

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38
Q

Reduced production cost, higher crop yield, reduced soil erosion, and better weed control.

A

benefits

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39
Q

the world’s most widely used herbicide, commonly sold under the trade name of Roundup.

A

Glyphosate

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40
Q

Defined as a group of individuals
of a single species inhabiting a specific area.  It may consist of highly localized groups of
individuals representing a fraction of the total
the population of species or it may consist of all
the individuals of a species across its entire
range

A

Population

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41
Q

Ecologists study populations for many reasons:

A
  1. Saving endangered species
  2. Controlling pest populations
  3. Managing fish and game populations
  4. Offer clues to understanding and controlling
    disease epidemics
  5. Growth of the human population
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42
Q

summarizes the
environmental factors that influenced the
growth, survival, and reproduction of species

A

niches

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43
Q

centered around the influences of the
physical environment

A

Grinnell

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44
Q

included biological interactions, as well
as abiotic factors.

A

Elton

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45
Q

defines the physical
conditions under which a species might live, in
the absence of interactions with other species.

A

fundamental niche

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46
Q

the actual niche of a species
whose distribution is limited by biotic
interactions such as competition, predation, disease, and parasitism.

A

realized niche

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47
Q

described how along the coast of Scottland, adult Chthamalus stellatus is restricted to the upper levels of the intertidal zone while adult Balanus balanoides are limited to the middle and lower levels

A

Joseph Connell (1961)

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48
Q

suffer higher mortality

A

Balanus balanoides

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49
Q

appear to be more vulnerable to desiccation or drying

A

Balanus

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50
Q

refers to small distances over which there is little environmental change significant to the organism under study

A

Small scales

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51
Q

refers to areas over which there is substantial environmental change. Patterns over an entire continent or patterns along a mountain slope or environmental gradient.

A

Large scale

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52
Q

Three Basic Patterns of Distribution observed on Small Scales

A

random, regular, and clumped

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53
Q

an individual has an equal probability of occurring anywhere in an area
- neutral interactions between individuals, and between individuals and the local environment.

A

Random

54
Q

individuals are uniformly spaced through the environment - antagonistic interactions between individuals or local depletion of resources.

A

Regular

55
Q

individuals live in areas of high local abundance, separated by areas of low abundance.

A

Clumped

56
Q

The young shrubs tend to be clumped for three
reasons:

A
  1. Seeds germinate at a limited number of “safe sites”
  2. Seeds are not dispersed far from the parent
    plant.
  3. Asexually produced offspring are
    necessarily close to the parent plant.
57
Q

who map patterns of bird
abundance across North America using the
Christmas Bird Counts (begin in 1900)

A

Terry Root

58
Q

High density and appear as red
patches

A

Hot spots

59
Q

he produces one of the clearest demonstrations of the relationship between body size and population density (Herbivorous mammals).

A

John Damuth (1981)

60
Q

pointed out that plant
Ecologists have been studying the relationship
between plant size and population density for a
longer time

A

James White (1985)

61
Q

one of the most fundamental aspects of
population biology.

A

relationship bet. size and density

62
Q

add individuals to populations

A

births and immigration

63
Q

remove
individuals from populations

A

deaths and emigration

64
Q

concerned with the
factors influencing the expansion, decline, or
maintenance of populations

A

Population dynamics

65
Q

Honey bee SN

A

Apis mellifera

66
Q

Can increase or decrease local
population densities. It is an important aspect of population dynamics.

A

Dispersal

67
Q

dispersed by winds, water or
transported by a variety of mammals.

A

Plant seeds

68
Q

may spend their lives attached to rocks

A

Barnacle

69
Q

travel the high seas on far
ranging ocean currents

A

Larvae

70
Q

often disperse from
the area where they are born and may join
other local populations

A

Young mammals and birds

71
Q

changes in the density
of predator populations in response to
increased prey density.

A

Numerical responses

72
Q

part of a larger population, with
which it sustains a limited exchange of individuals
through immigration and emigration. (ex. population
of butterflies that lives in a specific place and then
scattered)

A

subpopulation

73
Q

group of subpopulations living on such patches
connected by exchange of individuals among
patches

A

metapopulation

74
Q

Rocky mountain parmesan butterfly

A

Parnassius smintheus

75
Q

summarizes the pattern of
survival in a population.

A

survivorship curve

76
Q

bookkeeping devices that list both the survivorship and the deaths, or mortality, in populations.

A

life tables

77
Q

A group born during the same time period; for
example, the same year

A

Cohort

78
Q

A life table made from data collected in this way is
called

A

cohort life table

79
Q

Record the age at death of
a large number of individuals. The method
involves a Snapchat of survival within a
population during a short interval of time

A

Static life table

80
Q

consists of the proportion
of individuals of different ages within a
population

A

age distribution

81
Q

indicate periods of successful
reproduction, periods of high and low survival,
and whether the older individuals in a
population are replacing themselves or if the
population is declining.

A

age distribution

82
Q

population reflects its
history of survival, reproduction, and potential
for future growth.

A

age distribution

83
Q

A relatively high rate of survival among young
and middle-aged individuals followed by a high
rate of mortality among the aged

A

type one survivorship

84
Q

Constant rates of survival throughout life
produced this straight line pattern survival

A

type 2 survivorship curve

85
Q

period of extremely high rates of
mortality among the young is followed by a
relatively high rate of survival

A

type 3 survivorship curve

86
Q

Three types of Survivorship Curves

A

type one, type two, type three

87
Q

the number of young born per female in
a period of time

A

birthrate

88
Q

The tabulation of birthrates for females of
different ages in a population

A

fecundity schedule

89
Q

Fluctuation is
produce by large scale climatic system

A

El nino

90
Q

Two complementary approaches

A
  1. Mathematics to model population growth
  2. Studies of laboratory and natural populations
91
Q

grows slowly at first then faster and faster.
Population grow accelerate

A

maximum rate

92
Q

which successive
generations differ in size by a constant ratio.

A

geometric population growth

93
Q

express the rate of
population growth which is the change in
numbers with change in time as per the capita rate
of increase

A

exponential growth

94
Q

have a tremendous
capacity for increase, and unlimited population
growth cannot be maintained in any
population for very many generations

A

Natural populations

95
Q

estimate population sizes in growth by
counting the number of pollen grain of each
tree species deposited within lake sediments.
By counting the number of pollen grains per
square centimeter deposited each year

A

Bennett (1983)

96
Q

which first appeared in the pollen record of the
study lake about 9,500 years ago.

A

Pinus sylvestris

97
Q

Eurasian collared dove

A

Streptopelia decaocto

98
Q

Environmental limitation
is incorporated into another model of
population growth

A

population growth

99
Q

The population size at which
growth stops, which is the number of
individuals of a particular population that the
environment can support.

A

carrying capacity or K

100
Q

obtained sigmoidal growth curves
for populations of several species of yeast and
protozoa

A

Gause (1934)

101
Q

Because the effects of biotic factors, such as
disease and predation, are often influenced by
population density, biotic factors are often
referred to

A

density-dependent factors

102
Q

Abiotic factors, such as floods and extreme
temperature, can exert their influences
independently of population density and so are
often called

A

density-independent factors

103
Q

can influence populations in a
density-dependent fashion.

A

Abiotic factors

104
Q

can affect
populations in a density-independent way

A

Biotic factors

105
Q

one of the main sources of
food for cactus finches on Genovesa Island

A

Opuntia helleri

106
Q

the most populous countries
on the planet.The remainder of the human
population is spread across Africa, Europe ,
North America , and South and Central America
and the Caribbean . The remainder live in
Oceania (Australia, New Zealand, and scattered
oceanic islands)

A

China and India

107
Q

projected
to decline to less than 0.5% by 2050.

A

Global growth rate

108
Q

Redwood tree SN

A

Sequoia sempervirens

109
Q

consists of the adaptations of an
organism that influence aspects of its biology
such as the number of offspring it produces, its
survival, and its size and age at reproductive
maturity.

A

Life history

110
Q

underscores the fact
that if an organism uses energy for one function
such as growth, it reduces the amount of
energy available for other functions such as
reproduction.

A

principle of allocation

111
Q

who pointed out that fish show
more variation in many life history traits than
any other group of animals

A

Winemiller (1995)

112
Q

ranges from the one or
two large live young produced by mako sharks
to the 600,000,000 eggs per clutch laid by the
ocean sunfish

A

clutch size

113
Q

interested in determining the relationship between egg size and egg number, or fecundity, and the extent of
gene flow among populations.

A

Turner and Trexler (1998)

114
Q

simply the number of eggs
or seeds produced by an organism

A

Fecundity

115
Q

are small, stream-lined benthic
fishes that live in rivers and streams
throughout eastern and central North
America

A

Darters

116
Q

an important face of the
population biology of all organisms,
including plants.

A

dispersal

117
Q

Species with woody
thickening of their tissues were considered as

A

woody plants

118
Q

climbing plants and vines were classified as

A

climbers

119
Q

If seeds had hooks, spines, or barbs,
they were classified as

A

adhesion-adapted

120
Q

seeds with wings, hairs, or other
structures that provide air resistance
were assigned to

A

wind-dispersed category

121
Q

a structure on the surface of some
seeds generally containing oils attractive to
ants, as ant-dispersed

A

elaiosome

122
Q

Seeds with an aril, a fleshy covering of some
seeds that attracts birds and other vertebrates,
or with flesh were classified as

A

vertebrate dispersed

123
Q

those seeds known to be
gathered by mammals and stored in scattered
caches or hoards.

A

scatterhoarded

124
Q

the allocation of energy,
time, and other resources to the production
and care of offspring.

A

Reproductive effort

125
Q

explored life history
variation among snakes and lizards to
determine whether generalizations developed
through studies of fish and marine
invertEbrates could be extended to another
group of animals living in very different
environments.

A

Shine and Charnov (1992)

126
Q

limited energy supplies are allocated to
three functions:

A

maintenance, growth, and reproduction

127
Q

explored patterns in adult survival and reproductive
effort among 28 populations of fish.
- strong relationship between adult
mortality in populations and reproductive
effort because some combinations of
mortality and reproductive effort have a
higher probability of persisting than others.

A

Donald Gunderson (1997)

128
Q

was taken as the ovary weight of each
species divided by the species body
weight and adjusted for the number of
batches of offspring produced by each
species per year

A

Gonadosomatic index or GSI

129
Q

studied the influence
of adult survival on pumpkinseed sunfish life
histories

A

Bertschy and Fox (1999)

130
Q

which refers to the per
capita rate of increase, as selection favoring a
higher population growth rate.

A

R selection

131
Q

refers to the carrying capacity of the
logistic growth equation

A

K selection

132
Q

developed the concept of r and K selection
further in two important papers.
 that r selection and K selection are the
endpoints on a continuous distribution and that
most organisms are subject to forms of
selection somewhere in between these
extremes.

A

Eric Pianka (19970, 1972)

Ecology ni Ma'am J (2 decks)

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