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Ecology ni Ma'am J > Interactions > Flashcards

Interactions Flashcards

1
Q

involves direct interaction between individuals

A

Interference Competition

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2
Q

is a condition where there is a limited supply of
resource

A

Resource limitation

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3
Q

takes place when
members of the same species compete

A

Intraspecific competition

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4
Q

happens between
individuals of two species that reduces the
fitness of both

A

Interspecific competition

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5
Q

A competition involving the use of limited
resources

A

Resource

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6
Q

They involved growing of Sorghasum nutans at low
density and high density
 Those grown at low density grew to a larger
size at all nitrogen concentrations

A

Tilman and Cowan

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7
Q

As the stand of trees develops, more and more
biomass is composed of fewer and fewer
individuals

A

Self-thinning

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8
Q

studied interactions among planthoppers (Homoptera,
Delphacidae)

A

Denno and Roderick (1992)

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9
Q

Scientific name of Plamthopper

A

Prokelisia marginata

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10
Q

showed reduced survivorship, decreased body
length, and increased developmental time

A

P. marginata

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11
Q

used a field experiment to study the effects of a wide range of biotic interactions on the population biology of the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber

A

Grosholz (1992)

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12
Q

whose principal interest was interspecific competition, helped ensure a prominent place for the niche concept in modern ecology

A

G. F. Gause (1934)

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13
Q

states that two species with identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely.

A

Competitive exclusion principle

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14
Q

who linked differences in beak size and form among Darwin’s finches to differences in their feeding niches

A

David Lack (1946)

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15
Q

represented the feeding niches of Darwin’s finches by their beak morphology

A

Peter Grant (1986)

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16
Q

large ground finch scientific name

A

Geospiza magnirostris

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17
Q

medium ground finch SN

A

G. fortis

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18
Q

small ground finch SN

A

G. fuliginosa

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19
Q

can have significant ecological
and evolutionary influences on the niches of
species.

A

Competition

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20
Q

can have short -term ecological
effects on the niches of species by restricting
them to realized niches

A

Competition

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21
Q

the circumstance in
which two species differ more from each other
in geographic areas where they occur together
than where their distributions do not overlap

A

Character displacement

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22
Q

who list six
criteria that must be met to build a definitive
case for character displacement

A

Mark Taper and Ted Case (1992)

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23
Q

six criteria that must be met to build a definitive
case for character displacement

A

Morphological differences, genetic basis, different founder, known effect, demonstrated competition, and differences in the resources available.

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24
Q

enhances the fitness of one individual while reducing the fitness of the exploited individual.

A

Exploitative Interactions

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25
Q

consume live plant material but do not usually kill plants.

A

Herbivores

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26
Q

kill and consume other organisms

A

Predators

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27
Q

live on the tissues of their host, often reducing the fitness of the host, but not generally killing it.

A

Parasites

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28
Q

an insect whose larva consumes its host and kills it in the process

A

Parasitoid

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29
Q

induce disease, a debilitating condition, in their hosts

A

Pathogens

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30
Q

when one organism makes its living at the expense of another

A

Exploitation

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31
Q

who estimated that the approximately 500 known species occupying Lake Okeechobee, Florida, are linkedbyabout25,000 exploitative interactions.

A

K. E. Havens (1994)

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32
Q

spiny-headed worms

A

Acanthocephalans

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33
Q

small aquatic crutaceans

A

amiphods

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34
Q

Uninfected amphipods avoid the light shows

A

negative phototaxis

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35
Q

Infected amphipods swim toward light shows

A

positive phototaxis

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36
Q

Amphipod behavior remains unaltered until the acanthocephalan has reached a life stage

A

Cystacanth

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37
Q

studied a similar parasite-host interaction involving an acanthocephalan, Plagiorhynchus cylindraceous,a terrestrial isopod or pill bug, Armadillidium vulgare, and the European starling, Sturnus vulgaris.

A

Janice Moore (1983, 1984)

38
Q

studied Predation, Parasitism, and Competition In
Populations of Tribolium

A

Thomas Park

39
Q

studied the influence of a herbivorous stream insect on the algal and bacterial populations upon which it feeds.

A

Gary Lamberti and Vincent Resh (1983)

40
Q

The dominant herbivores in the complex three dimensional framework of forests

A

arthropods

41
Q

Red foxes SN

A

Vulpes vulpes

42
Q

reported that mange mites, Sarcoptes scabiei, were first found infesting red foxes in north-central Sweden in 1975

A

Erik Lindstrom

43
Q

Mountain hares

A

Lepus timidus

44
Q

have the potential to reduce the quantity and quality of their food supply

A

Snowshoe hares

45
Q

who observed snowshoe hare population densities of up to1,100 to 2,300 per square kilometer

A

Keith (1984)

46
Q

situations in which members of an
exploited population have some protection from
predators and parasites

47
Q

a refuge for birds from terrestrial
predators

48
Q

many forms of spatial refuge are familiar

A

burrows, trees, air, water, and land

49
Q

St. John’s wort SN

A

Hypericum perforatum

50
Q

Living in a large group provides a type of
refuge

A

Protection in Numbers

51
Q

results in increasing rate of food intake as prey density
increases.

A

Predator functional response

52
Q

results in increased
predator density as prey density increases.

A

Numerical response

53
Q

takes place when prey can
reduce their individual probability of being
eaten by occurring at very high densities

A

predation satiation

54
Q

result of prey avoiding high-risk
situations

A

the ecology of fear

55
Q

gray wolves SN

A

Canis lupus

56
Q

elk SN

A

Cervus elaphus

57
Q

proposed an alternative approach which focused on the functional response of predators

A

Roger Arditi

58
Q

states that functional response is determined only by the abundance of the prey

A

Prey-dependent functional response

59
Q

The rate at which prey are consumed by a predator depends on:

A
  1. Searching efficiency
  2. Handling time for a particular type of prey
  3. Abundance of prey in the environment
60
Q

states that the rate of prey consumption, that is, the functional response, is determined by the ratio of prey numbers to predator numbers or in other words, the per capita availability of prey

A

ratio-dependent functional response

61
Q

best accounts for variation in feeding rates by wolves preying on moose on Isle Royale

A

Arditi-Ginzburg ratio-dependent model

62
Q

are interactions between individuals of different species that benefit both partners

63
Q

an interaction between two species benefits one of them, while the other is neither benefited nor harmed, such an interaction

A

commensalism

64
Q

Some species can live without their mutualistic partners

A

facultative mutualism

65
Q

dependent upon the mutualistic relationship that they cannot live in its absence

A

obligate mutualism

66
Q

Example of plant mutualism

A

nitrogen fixation, nutrient absorption, pollination, seed dispersal

67
Q

provide plants with greater
access to inorganic nutrients while feeding off

A

Mycorrhizal fungi

68
Q

was the first to
correctly recognize that mycorrhizae involve a
mutualistic relation between plants and fungi

A

Albert B. Frank (1885)

69
Q

Two common types of mycorrhizae

A

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and ectomycorrhizae (ECM)

70
Q

Mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal red clover

A

Trifolium pretense

71
Q

The ants that are mutualistic with bullhorn, or
swollen thorn, acacias are members of the genus

A

Pseudomyrmex

72
Q

Leaflet tips modified into concentrated food sources

A

Beltian bodies

73
Q

Reef-building corals and unicellular algae, members of the phylum Dinoflagellata

A

Zooxanthellae

74
Q

growth in which all cell
constituents, such as nitrogen, carbon, and DNA, increase at the same rate.

A

Balanced growth

75
Q

producing fixed carbon at a much higher rate
than other cell constituents.

A

unbalanced growth

76
Q

do not harbor
zooxanthellae continuously excrete ammonium
into their environment

A

Tubastrea aurea

77
Q

do not excrete
measurable amounts of ammonium

A

Pocillopora damicornis

78
Q

Protect the corals from a variety of sea stars that
prey on corals but especially from attacks by the
crown-of-thorns sea star

A

Acanthaster planci

79
Q

Modeling of mutualism has generally taken one of two approaches:

A
  1. Lotka-Volterra equations
  2. Cost-benefit analysis
80
Q

give and receive measurable benefits to another organism

A

Successful mutualists

81
Q

give benefits to another organism but, for some reason, do not receive any benefit in return

A

Unsuccessful mutualists

82
Q

neither giving nor receiving benefit from a mutualistic partner

A

nonmutualists

83
Q

-The fitness of a plant that produces extra floral nectaries and that successfully attracts ants effective at guarding it

A

Successful

84
Q

The fitness of a plant that
produces extrafloral nectaries but that has not attracted enough ants to mount a successful defense.

A

Unsuccessful

85
Q

The fitness of individuals of a
plant such as Helianthella that does not produce
extrafloral nectaries.

A

nonmutualistic

86
Q

honey badger SN

A

Mellivora capensis

87
Q

Studied interaction of the greater honeyguide with the
Boran people of northern Kenya

A

Isack and Reyer (1989)

88
Q

the average amount of time it takes to find a
bees’ nest

89
Q

Without the aid of a
honeyguide the average search time per bees’ nest

90
Q

Three variables decrease as distance to the nest
decreases:

A
  1. the time the bird stays out of sight during
    its first disappearance following the
    initial encounter
  2. the distance between stops made by the
    bird on the way to the bees’ nest
  3. the height of the perch on the way to the
    nest.

Ecology ni Ma'am J (2 decks)

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