Population Dynamics Flashcards
Reasons for low birthrate (8)
Better education More availability for contraceptive More affordability for contraceptive Women want careers Women stay longer in education Equality means women don't just hold a domestic role Pension scheme available People get married later
Reasons for high birth rate (10)
- lack of contraceptive avilable
- Lack of affordable contraceptive
- Cultural pressures
- large family increases importance in the village
- low marriage age
- Lack of pension plans so rely on children to look after parents when they get old
- more oppurtunity to bring money for the family
- majority work on the land so more children mean larger labour force
- High infant mortality rate: more children mean more are likely to survive
Stage 1 of the demographic transition model
There is a high birthrate and deathrate
Explain stage 1 of the demographic transition model?
Disease and Famine leads to a high birth rate
Primary industry dominates and more children mean cheaper and more labour on the farm
Disease means a high infant mortality rate so more children will mean more survive to age.
UK’s stage in the demographic transition model
Stage 5
Population structure in the UK
Population decline and a natural decrease is suspected due to an ageing population and falling birth rate
Population structure in Gambia
High population and natural increase as 92% of the population are young dependants
Gambia’s stage in the demographic transition model
2/3
Economic growth in Gambia
LEDC and primary industry dominates as 75% rely on subsistence farming. Therefore require a large workforce and need to have bigger families.
Economic growth in the UK
One of the biggest economies in the world, dominates tertiary sector and average wGe of $25,000 and women have equal pay hence focus on their career and get married and have children later reducing the potential numbers of children they can have.
Migration from gambia
Net migration of 2.5 per 1000 people meaning more people leave Gambia than enter to seek a better quality of life.
Conflict in Gambia
No conflict and war currently but is a recovering economy from dictator therefore relatively low migration rate and rapid population growth as there is factors causing death rate
Conflict in the UK
Politically stable nation which has not experienced military conflict and enjoys diplomatic relations with its neighbours and is 5th most common destination for asylum seekers
Immigration from the UK
Open door policy for immigration to the residents of most EU nations and this is the main factor that prevents population from falling
history of immigration from ‘New Commonwealth’ nations this made up for the labour shortfall.
Advantages of an aging population
- enjoy more time with elderly grandparents ect
- free child care provided by grandparents ect
- increased expenditure in some industries
Disadvantages for an aging population
- Higher costs of pension scheme
- Higher cost of health care/ nursing homes
- labour short fall
- Neglecting children industries
Advantages of a shrinking younger population
- less strain on resources eg. Smaller class sizes -
Disadvantages of shrinking younger population
Fewer workers in the economy
Decline in demand for some services
Dependancy ratio
Tells us about the number of people working and the number of people dependant on them eg.
(Over 65 x under 14)
Advantages of youthful population
Lots of potential worker
Cheap work force
Increased expenditure in some industries
Disadvantages of youthful population
Strain on education services
Strain on health services
Lack of jobs services
More young dependant mean a lower quality of life as resources are strained
Describe Gambia’s population pyramid
Wide base because of high population rate then narrows quickly because of high deathrate
Describe the UKs population pyramid
Less wide base and a really wide top half to illustrate lower birth rate and higher life expectancy
France’s pronatalist policies (4)
- Offers £1064 to couples having their thirds child
- maternity leave on full pay is longer for the third child
- Large families given preferential for state housing
- large families get 30% discount on public transport
Advantages of France’s pronatalist policies
- Large public backing for the policy and many incentives have been made and put into place for 60+ years
Disadvantages of. Frances Pronatalist policy
- Many members feel it discriminates against families and for the third child to have better financial care and opportunities than the first
- It is a very complicated system therefor every difficult to asess the effectiveness overall
Antinatalist policy of China
One child policy and preference when applyig for schools given to one child families Distribute contraceptives Improvements in female literacy Family planning programmes Minimum marriage age
Advantages of an antinatalist policy
Reduction in Air pollution Reduction in the use of fossil fuels Reduction in over crowding Better quality of life as resources distributed better Less starvation Less unemployment and economic growth
Disadvantages of an anti natalist policy
Abandoned children
Spoilt children
Firced abortion
Unfair implementation
USA immigration policies aim
Admit workers with specific skills to contribute to economy
Reunite families
Provide refuge
Immigration permenant and temporary for employment
Advantages of immigration policy
Immigrants add mor emoney into the economy
Integration and cultural diversity
Foreeign workers fill low paid jobs
40% of scientists with PHD born abroad
Disadvantages of immigration policy
Lack of tolerance and rasicm
wages forced down to accommodate pay for new workers
Health systems strained
less jobs available for locals
