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English > Population Dynamic Definitions > Flashcards

Population Dynamic Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

population dynamics

A

the study of populations of organisms in a given area

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2
Q

Total Population Count (N)

A

number of individuals of a species in a specific geographical area

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3
Q

Population Density (D)

A

number of individuals per volume or area

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4
Q

D = ?

A

N/A = N/V

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5
Q

Direct Count

A

best for small, immobile populations (counting physically)

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6
Q

Transect

A

Best for low density populations
Count individuals in line or rectangle
Random start point and travel direction ensures random sampling

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7
Q

Quadrat

A

Best for larger, relatively immobile populations
Count individuals within small area and multiply to larger area
Sample sites are randomly selected
High remark means smaller population

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8
Q

Population = ?

A

(number originally marked) x (number recaptured) / (number marked recaptured)

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9
Q

Indirect evidence

A

provides an idea of relative density vs absolute density
counting indicators like nests and burrows and estimate

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10
Q

Relative density

A

comparing population in one area to that of another

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11
Q

Distribution pattern

A

How population is distributed within an area

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12
Q

Clumped Distribution

A

Organisms live in small concentrated groups, greater rates of survival in groups
ex schooling fish

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13
Q

Uniform Distribution

A

Organisms evenly spaced within an area, competition for resources and often territorial behaviour
ex wolverine

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14
Q

Random Distribution

A

Organisms distributed in a random pattern (plants with wind dispersed seeds)

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15
Q

Life History

A

describes the factors about a population, including survivorship and fecundity

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16
Q

Fecundity

A

Average number of offspring produced by a female member of a population over lifespan

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17
Q

Survivorship

A

number or percentage of organisms that survive to a given age

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18
Q

Type 1

A

High investment ensures high survival rate of offspring
low fucundity
long lifespan
mortality rate high at end

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19
Q

Type 2

A

Mortality risk constant through lifespan

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20
Q

Type 3

A

Little to no time or energy investment in survival of offspring
many offspring
short lifespan
mortality rate highest in early life

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21
Q

Unlimited Resource Enviornment

A

Ideal conditions with no food and unlimited resources
not common in nature
population will reach biotic potential (r)
will cause exponential growth
Crash eventually would happen bc runout

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22
Q

Biotic Potential

A

population reaching its highest per capita growth rate

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23
Q

Limited growth enviornment

A

common in nature
resources will limit growth
organisms will compete for available resources
birth and death rates will even out
will reach carrying capacity (K)

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24
Q

Carrying Capacity K

A

maximum population sustainable in a given environment
changes depending on environment

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25
Q

logistical growth

A

S shape of graph
for limited resource environment pop growth

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26
Q

r selected strategy

A

short life span
mature at young age
large number of offspring
little/no care of offspring

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27
Q

k selected strategy

A

long life span
mature later in life
produce fewer offspring
high level of parental care

28
Q

Life strategies for max survival

A

reach reproductive maturity at a young age
long lifespan
large number of offspring
provide high levels of care for offspring

29
Q

Changes in population

A

monitoring birth rates and death rate
immigration and emigration

30
Q

Populaton changes formula

A

N = (B+I) - (D+E)

31
Q

Population growth rate formula

A

gr = N/t

32
Q

Per capita growth rate formula

A

cgr = N/N

33
Q

Two main classifications

A

Density independent factors
Density dependent factors

34
Q

Density independent factors

A

Abiotic
Does not matter pop density
Minor or major change in numbers
Ex floods, droughts, pollution

35
Q

Density dependent factors

A

Biotic
Greater effect on larger population
Ex competition

36
Q

Competition

A

When individuals compete for resources
Intraspecific competition
Interspecific competition

37
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Competition among single species

38
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Competition between two or more species for the same resource
Competitive exclusion principal
Resource partitioning
Not always negative impacts

39
Q

Competition exclusion principal

A

Species best able to thrive under given conditions will out compete the others

40
Q

Resource partitioning

A

Species living in the same area use different resources in the same habitat
Reduces competition and improves survival rates

41
Q

Positive impacts of Interspecific

A

Producer - consumer
(Flowers - bees)

Predator - prey
Cycle between high and low population
Sinusoidal growth curves

42
Q

Defensa mechanisms

A

Used as protection against predators
Co-evolution, prey evolve then predator then again
Protective colouration, mimicry, camo, warning

43
Q

Mimicry

A

Species that mimic each other either
Mullerian (both species have defense)
Batesian (one has defense but not the other)

44
Q

Camouflage

A

Blending in w environment

45
Q

Warning colouration

A

Colours and patterns warn danger

46
Q

Symbiotic relationships

A

Close reaction between two species, symbiont and a host
Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism

47
Q

Parasitism

A

One organisms harmed, other benefits
Ex salmon and sea lamprey

48
Q

Mutualism

A

Two organisms work together and both benefit
Ex anemone and clownfish

49
Q

Commensalism

A

One benefited and the other is unaffected
Ex orchid and trees

50
Q

Keystone species

A

Large impact on most/all chain

51
Q

Mass population growth happened when

A

In the last 200 years, exponential growth started in the 1800s during the industrial evolution

52
Q

World population growth

A

Used to be steady
Currently in a period of rapid population (per capita growth, 1.1)
Rate of growth is declining and so is doubling time

53
Q

Factors that contribute to population growth

A

Technological advancements
Agricultural advancements
Domestication of animals
Improved healthcare
Engineering advancements
Improved food storage and transportation

54
Q

What do the factors serve to accomplish

A

Artificially manipulate earths carrying capacity of the human species

55
Q

Population growth distribution

A

Most growth is in developing countries
Population starting to shrink in developed countries

56
Q

Ecological footprints

A

Amount of land required to support one persons needs

Crop land
Grazing land
Fishing ground
Forest land
Carbon absorption land
Building area
Resource harvesting land

57
Q

Where has larger eco footprint

A

Bigger in developed countries
Mostly energy and food production

58
Q

Bio capacity

A

Measure of available resources on area or the whole earth

59
Q

Population pyramids

A

Graphical description of a country’s population by sex and age
See overall characteristic, and potential to increase or descreste

60
Q

Growth state

A

General shape of pyramid on graph
Kenya (rectangle)
Sweden (triangle)

61
Q

Kenya (triangle)

A

Rapid growth, large portion going into reproductive years, low life expectancy

62
Q

Sweden (rectangle)

A

Stable population (no big growth) even distribution of age groups, longer life expectancy

63
Q

Waste disposal

A

As human population grows, so does waste production
Gaseous (air pollution)
Liquid (waste water, sewage)
Solid waste (garbage, limited space for landfills)
Ends up in water ways affecting aquatic life and water

64
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of species that exist within and area or eco system
Greater biodiversity allows for better resilience

65
Q

Resilience

A

Effective response against stressors like disease, climate change, and habitat shift

66
Q

Human activities that are threats to biodiversity

A

Deforestation
Habitat loss from development of roads pipelines dams
Over exploitation

67
Q
A

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