population & development

Question 1

Demographic equation

Answer 1

Demographic equation

R=(b-d)+(I-e)

R: rate of popn increase

B: crude birth (cbr; live births/1000)

D: crude death rate (CDR; deaths/1000)

I: immigration

E: emigration

Question 2

four stages of demographic transition

Answer 2

1 High stationary
2 early expanding
3 late expanding
4 low stationary & slowly declining

Question 3

What is the population replacement rate?

Answer 3

2.1

Question 4

Does immigration offset natural population increases?

Answer 4

No. Immigration flows are very small comparatively

Question 5

How are fertility rates decreased?

Answer 5

-Later, longer, fewer
-coercive vs voluntary approaches
-endogenous development process (ex education)

Question 6

is most of the global population in glob. N/S?

Answer 6

S by a long shot

Question 7

What are the migration pathways?

Answer 7

N-N, N-S, S-S, S-N, majority S-N

Question 8

is international migration increasing?

Answer 8

Yes

Question 9

What is the most prominent migration corridor (picture map with flows)

Answer 9

Central Americal to USA, then Asia to USA

Question 10

What is the direction of remittance corridors

Answer 10

N->S

Question 11

Economic consequences of migration?

Answer 11

Employment in key sectors
taxes & revenue
brain drain/brain gain
well-being
remittances

Question 12

Main drivers of N-S migration?

Answer 12

-Economic opportunity
-Expansion of global companies
-Return migration
-Student migration
-Retirement migration

Question 13

Development:
1. What happens to agriculture when GDP/capita rises?

What happens to industry & services when GDP/capita rises?

Answer 13

Ag falls

services rise

Question 14

What does Kuznet’s curve describe?

Answer 14

Inequality increases during development until a point, then declines

(GDP vs Gini)

Question 15

What is dependency theory?

Answer 15

Resources flow from poor to rich countries

Question 16

What is endogenous growth theory?

Answer 16

internal forces contribute to growth

forces ex: human capital, innovation & knowledge

Question 17

What are the 3 paths to economic growth?

Answer 17

1. Primary products exports (PPE)
2. Inward-looking industrialization (ILI)
3. Export-oriented industrialization (EOI)

Question 18

What are 3 problems with primary product export-based growth?

Answer 18

1. Sluggish demand
2. Volatile prices
3. Unbalanced growth

Question 19

What are the 2 key actions to foster INWARD-LOOKING INDUSTRIALIZATION?

Answer 19

1. Tech & capital from abroad
2. Gov’t protects industry

Question 20

What are 2 problems with INWARD-LOOKING INDUSTRIALIZATION?

Answer 20

1. Infant industries don’t grow up
2. Exports uncompetitive

Question 21

3 key factors of Export-oriented industrialization

Answer 21

1. govt subsidies
2. Management of exchange rates
3. Factor market intervention

government intervenes for export

Question 22

3 problems with Export-Oriented industrialization

Answer 22

1. expensive & difficult
2. protectionism
3. vulnerability

Question 23

Is global migration increasing?

Answer 23

Yes, but stable % of global population