population characteristics (AOS_1)

Question 1

crude birth rate

Answer 1

• the number of births per 1000 people per year in a population
  
  • Highest levels in Africa (2018: Niger- 43.6) with the exception of countries in the north and south (Algeria, Libya, Egypt)
  • Global average is 18.5 per 1000
  • Lowest levels in Europe (2018: Germany- 8.6) and East Asia (2018: Japan- 7.5)
  • Since the 1950s, birth rates have fallen and are likely to continue to fall
  • High birth rates are due to high infant and child mortality, children seen as economic asset (can work), no family planning, low levels of education
  • Low birth rates are due to low infant and child mortality, children seen as economic liability (expensive to raise), widespread contraception and family planning, and women gaining an education/career

Question 2

crude death rate

Answer 2

• the number of deaths per 1000 people per year in a population
  
  • In 2018 the world’s average crude death rate was 7.9 per 1000
  • The United Arab Emirates had the lowest CDR of 1.9 and Ukraine had the highest CDR of 14.3 per 1000
  • Low CDR due to spread of knowledge and more effective control of disease, government programs targeting safe water, and increase in global food supplies

Question 3

total fertility rate

Answer 3

• The average expected number of births per woman of child-bearing age
  
  • Child-bearing age is considered to be 15-49 years
  • Global average TFR in 2015 was 2.41
  • Replacement rate is 2.1 and is the average number of births needed to replace the number of people who have died in a population in a year
  • Low TFR is due to family planning, low infant and child mortality, women’s education and government policies

Question 4

infant mortality rate

Answer 4

• The number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1000 live birth in a year
  
  • Strong associated between IMR and CDR
  • Global IMR in 1960 averaged 113.7 per 1000 live births
  • Global IMR in 1990 averaged 64.8 per 1000 live births
  • Declining IMR due to healthcare, sanitation and safe water, and education

Question 5

life expectancy

Answer 5

• The average number of years an individual is expected to live if death rates do not change
  
  • Australia’s life expectancy in 2017: 80.5 for males and 84.6 for females