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Geography > Population Change > Flashcards

Population Change Flashcards

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1
Q

exponential growth

A

Rapid, year on year population growth.

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2
Q

crude birth rate

A

The number of live births per 1000 of the population per year

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3
Q

crude death rate

A

The number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year

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4
Q

natural increase

A

Occurs when birth rate is higher than the death rate

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5
Q

natural decrease

A

Occurs when birth rate is lower than the death rate

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6
Q

annual population change

A

The birth rate minus the death rate plus or minus migration

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7
Q

‘J’ shaped graph

A

The name given to a graph that shows an exponential rise

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8
Q

‘S’ shaped graph

A

The name given to a graph that shows exponential growth slowing and levelling off

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9
Q

migration

A

The movement of people either into or out of an area

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10
Q

emigration

A

The movement of people out of an area

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11
Q

immigration

A

The movement of people into an area

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12
Q

Demographic Transition Model

A

A graph that shows how countries pass through different stages of population growth over time. The DTM shows changes in birth rate, death rate and natural population. There are 5 stages. Progression through each stage is associated with economic development (i.e. Afghanistan in stage 2 is at a lesser stage of development than France in stage 5).

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13
Q

population structure

A

The composition of a country’s population by age and sex

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14
Q

census

A

Population data including age, sex and occupation

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15
Q

population pyramid

A

A graph that shows the population structure of a country. Horizontal bars are used to show actual numbers of males and females in each five year age group (0-4, 5-9 etc). They give a good visual impression of a country’s population structure as it progresses through the DTM.

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16
Q

apex

A

The tip of the population pyramid. A high apex shows long life expectancy.

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17
Q

base

A

The bottom of the population pyramid. A wide base shows high birth rate.

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18
Q

‘funnel shape’

A

The name given to the population structure of a country in stage 1 or 2

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19
Q

‘rectangular shape’

A

The name given to the population structure of a country in stage 3 or 4

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20
Q

‘oval shape’

A

The name given to the population structure of a country in stage 5

21
Q

dependents

A

Those in the population either retired or below the working age. Elderly or young dependents pay no tax and are dependent on the economically active.

22
Q

economically active

A

Those in the population who work and pay tax.

23
Q

dependency ratio

A

The ratio between the dependents and the economically active.

24
Q

gender skew

A

A skew in the population structure towards either males or females (e.g. Calcutta, India has a male gender skew as many young men move to the city to find work)

25
Q

urbanisation

A

Growth in the proportion of a population living in urban areas

26
Q

agricultural change

A

Increased mechanisation of agriculture reduces the need for families to have large numbers of children

27
Q

education

A

Education lowers population growth. With education comes more opportunities and mobility.

28
Q

emancipation of women

A

The freedom of women to have a career and make their own life choices.

29
Q

implications of rapid population growth

A

Implications are social (resource shortages, rising crime, poor living standards, lack of services, overcrowding); economic (unemployment, burdened economy, large number of dependents); environmental (overgrazing, shortages of clean water, deforestation, soil erosion, land shortages, traffic congestion, pollution); political (wars, tensions, unstable governments)

30
Q

sustainable population change

A

When population growth is at or very close to replacement level.

31
Q

replacement level

A

When birth rate is at a level that replaces the current population, leading to no real increase or decrease. This is about 2.1 babies per women.

32
Q

population policy/ anti-natal policy

A

A strategy used by a government to reduce rapid population growth (One Child Policy in China, or Kerala’s alternative population policy in India)

33
Q

ageing dependent population

A

A country with a high dependency ratio (e.g. France) which has a high number of elderly dependents and a declining birth rate. This is stage 5 of the demographic transition model and an oval shaped pyramid. Large pressures are placed on the economically active to provide for the rest of the population.

34
Q

pro-natal policy

A

A pro-birth policy adopted by a country in stage 5 of demographic transition model (e.g. France) in order to increase a declining birth rate. Incentives are offered to young couples (like 3 years maternity leave) to encourage them to have more children

35
Q

incentive

A

A benefit offered to people in order to persuade them to do something.

36
Q

EU

A

European Union

37
Q

internal migration

A

Migration within a country (e.g. within the UK)

38
Q

international migration

A

Migration between countries and across borders.

39
Q

push factor

A

The factors people dislike about being where they live (e.g. poverty, land shortages, poor services, remoteness)

40
Q

pull factor

A

The factors that attract people to move (e.g. better paid jobs, reliable services, schools, hospitals, infrastructure, bright light syndrome)

41
Q

brain drain

A

When young, educated people emigrate out of an area.

42
Q

bright light syndrome

A

The unreal expectations some migrants place on urban living – they expect glitz and glamour – when in reality what they find is often very different.

43
Q

voluntary migration

A

When someone makes the decision to move

44
Q

forced migration

A

When people have no other choice but to migrate (becoming refugees)

45
Q

economic migration

A

Migrants seeking a better standard of living and the hope of a higher income

46
Q

refugee

A

A forced migrant who is displaced, often by war, famine or drought

47
Q

asylum seeker

A

Refugees who lodge a claim with another country’s government in order to find safety within its borders

48
Q

country of origin

A

The country which migrants have left

49
Q

destination country

A

The country that migrants move to and decide to live in

Geography (8 decks)

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