Human Case Studies Flashcards
Birth Control Programme: One Child Policy, China
1979:Han Chinese only, not allowed to marry until late 20s, one child per couple, 10% salary rise if appropriately followed, fines, forced abortions/sterilizations if try for 2nd child
Impact: forced abortions, female infanticide (38mil), gender skew (114m to 100fm), 400m less births, Little Emperor Syndrome, ageing population
Alternative Population Policy: Education and Emancipation of Women, Kerala
Improving education and adult literacy, emancipation of women: encouraging female careers, free contraception and sexual health advice, land reform: families given 8 hectors of land, less space lowers birth rate
Impact: increased GDP, into stage 4 of DTM whilst rest of India is in stage 3, 90% adult literacy, falling birth rate, steady sustainable population growth
No Birth Control Programme: Afghanistan
Why: poverty, strict religious law (Shariah Law) bans contraception, Taliban, lack of equality and rights for women, war and political instability
Impact: stage 2 of DTM, high birth rate
Ageing EU Population: Pro-natal Policy, France
Why: birth rate falling below replacement level, into stage 5 of DTM, falling number of economically active, high dependency ratio, high number of elderly dependents
Strategy: incentives: 3 years paid maternity leave, free nursery care, school starting earlier from age 3, earlier retirement for women, tax break
Impact: fertility rate up from 1.7 to 1.9, reduced dependency ratio, increased economically active
Migration within EU: Economic Migration, Poland to UK
Fact: UK received 600,000 Eastern Europeans between 2004-2006
Impacts on origin country: +money sent home, strain off Polish education, health systems, - gender skew: fewer males, less economically active, brain drain`
Impacts of destination country: +some migrants pay UK tax, work for minimum wage, take jobs that Brits won’t take: menial, hard labour, -stress on resources e.g. health care, housing, education (Peterborough)
Migration into EU: Forced Migration, Senegal to Italy
Fact: Migrants take the Libya route (over Mediterranean Sea)
Impacts on origin country: +money sent home, -gender skew: fewer males
Impacts on destination country: +some pay tax, work for minimum wage, take menial/hard labour jobs, -stress on resources e.g. health care, housing, education, some claim welfare
Squatter Settlement Redevelopment: Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya
Facts: 1mil people, 1m floor space pp, outskirts of city on flood prone land, densely populated, poor sanitation, little infrastructure, 80% informal/unemployment
Self-help: swapping tarpaulin with corrugated iron, wood with bricks, informal work
Assisted Self-help: Nathan Collett’s Film School: educating, skilling up residents, Andre Leenheer’s Muay Coliseum Gym: getting residents out of slums and into sport
International Help: Comic Relief 2011: increased awareness, raised money, Kibera UK Gap Year students: work with local people and organisations
Site and Service/Relocation (KENSUP): Residents take to decanting site, slums upgraded: connected to mains, sewers, residents move back and pay monthly rent
Inner City Improvement in UK: London, Hulme: Manchester, Broadmead: Bristol, Olympic Park: London, Cabot Circus: Bristol
Urban Development Corporations, London: 25,000 new homes, 2000 businesses, 85,000 employed in area, Dockland’s Light Railway introduced
City Challenge, Hulme, Manchester: 1970s redevelopment, built crescents: very unpopular, led to decline, 1990s redevelopment: demolished slums, rebuilt 2/3 story flats
Business Improvement District, Broadmead, Bristol: 2008 BID1 redeveloped store fronts in Broadmead, BID2 focused on environmental maintenance and marketing, increased footfall
Flagship Development, Cabot Circus, Bristol: Bristol Alliance rebuilt CBD, £500mil, successful investment
Sustainable Communities, Olympic Park, Stratford, London: International Quarter- Stratford Station, new offices, homes, improvements to schools
Attempts to solve urban problems in LEDC’s: Bhopal: India, Bangalore: India, Shangai: China, Mexico City: Mexico
Waste disposal and TNC’s restrictions, Bhopal, India: 1984 Union Carbide leaked toxic gas cloud, killed 3000 people: stricter regulations on TNC’s
E-waste enforcement order and Greenpeace, Bangalore, India: poor burn and melt electronic goods to extract valuable materials: health problems, Greenpeace campaigning e-goods manufacturers like Apple
TNC restrictions and low sulphur coal, Shangai, China: coal provides 70% electricity: introduced low sulphur coal
Odd/even number plates, Mexico City, Mexico: huge traffic pollution creates smog: odd/even number plates days restricts access to CBD
Sustainable Urban Living: Curitiba: Brazil, Bristol: UK
Curitiba, Brazil: world’s most sustainable city, 75% waste recycled, 80% use public transport: Bus Rapid Transport system most efficient public transport system in world, bus tokens in exchange for recycled waste, sheep graze parks in CBD
Bristol, UK: historic features conserved: Cafe Gusto’s roof lowered to not obscure view of cathedral, gentrification of buildings preserves fabric but changes function e.g Arnolfini, brownfield development encouraged by harbourside, reduced waste: collect non-recycling every two weeks, Open Spaces consultation, greenbelt conserves countryside e.g. Ashton Court, UK’s first cycling city: 70 bikes available free from @Bristol
UK Coastal Resort: Blackpool, UK
Reasons for stagnation: stag do mentality, environmental degradation, boredom, low cost flights to summer sun destinations
Visitor strategies: Supercasino bid, Pleasure Beach - new attractions added (Big One), Visit Blackpool Youtube Campaign (Love from Blackpool), Gay Blackpool, Regeneration by Light: laser on tower, lights in CBD
Effectiveness: Supercasino bid failed - went to Manchester in 2007, Big One very popular, Youtube films not effective, Regeneration by Light not successful
Future: competition from low cost flights to Spanish coastal destinations
Tropical/Mass Tourist Area: Kenya, Africa
Attractions: good climate: sunshine all year round, hot and humid, safari holidays e.g Kigio, Cultural experience e.g. Masai tribe, Coastal holidays e.g. Mombasa
Positive Effects: new infrastructure, jobs, earner of foreign currency, demand for food and local farming, national parks created e.g. Kigio
Negative effects: seasonal income and employment, wildlife disturbed, income goes out of country to foreign hotel chains, visitor numbers fluctuate (Election violence 2007)
Strategies and Plans: sustainable tourism: Kigio Conservancy
Country Dependent on Tourism: Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Attractions: Palms, The World, 30% of GDP comes from tourism, brings in foreign income, multiplier effect, jobs
Extreme Environment Tourism: Antarctica, The Antarctic
Attractions: different, unique landscape, unique habitats and wildlife, extraordinary holiday experience, activities: sailing, trekking, wildlife watching, skiing etc.
Impacts: ‘high impact’ tourism, most picturesque areas often at times of nesting/breeding, shipping main route into area disturbs ecosystems, M/V Explorer sank in 2007 - 105km squared oil spill
Measures in place: IAATO manages tourism- aim to reduce 47,000 to 26,000 tourists a year, ban all ships carrying 500+ passengers, SSSI’s set up: Bird Island: no people, penguins and seals protected by 5m radius zone (adults have abandoned young and eggs after contact before)
Ecotourism:Kigio Conservancy, Rift Valley, Kenya
1997
Sustainable methods: accomodation: ‘cottages’ made from mud, timber, thatch: local/reclaimed materials and methods, furniture: reclaimed timber, no electricity: oil lamps, works with local schools, raising money for new classrooms, water tanks, partnerships with conservation organisations e.g. Tusk Trust, employs local people e.g. guides and other workers, conservation activities e.g. looking after orphaned wildlife e.g. 2003 baby giraffe
