Population and urban change in the UK Flashcards
Define natural population change
The change in population from births and deaths only
Define migration
Movement of people from one place to another
Define social factors
Factors that relate to people’s health, lifestyle and community
Define infant mortality rate
Number of deaths of children under one year of age occurring per 1000 live births in an area per year
Define ageing population
Country which has a high proportion of people aged over 65
Define birth rate
The number of babies born in an area per 1000 of population
Define economic factors
Factors that relate to cost and finance
Define political factors
Factors that relate to decisions made by government, either national or local
Define death rate
Number of people dying in an area per 1000 of population
Name 4 social factors affecting population change
- Healthcare - NHS access the care people need leading to low infant mortality rate
- Marriage - people marrying later in the UK which affects when they start a family
- Culture - widely acceptable for women to delay having children until their 30s
- Ageing Population - greater proportion being past their child-bearing age leading to a lower birth rate
Name 3 economic factors affecting population change
- Cost of raising a family - increased in the UK may discourage starting families
- Maternity pay - longer period of pay may lead to more births
- Career - women continue with careers ad increase incomes rather than start families
Name 4 political factors affecting population change
- Contraception - widely available meaning unwanted pregnancies are restricted
- Maternity rights - changes may encourage people to have children
- Migration - 2015, 333,000 more people moved to the UK and moved out
- Vaccination programmes - reduces death rate
Name 6 reasons for people moving into the UK
- Availability of jobs
- Stable political system
- Good health service
- Better rates of pay so higher income
- Good education system
- Already established network of family or people similar ethnic or cultural origin
Name 5 reasons for people moving within the UK
- Cost of housing
- Change of lifestyle
- In search of work
- Need to live close to your place of work is increasingly becoming less important
- Locate near family for care needs
Name 6 impacts of people moving into and within the UK
- Increase in young adults who work and pay taxes
- Increase in birth rates due to migrants having children
- Increase in number of languages that are spoken in the UK
- Strain on schools due to non-English speaking students
- House prices in desirable areas increase
- Diversity of culture means UK has greater range of foods, restaurants and so on
Name 3 economic challenges of an aging UK population
- Reduced number of economically active people in the UK to pay taxes
- More money needed to pay for state pensions
- More people are dependant on the state
Name 2 health challenges of an ageing UK population
- Increase in health issues as people live longer
2. Large increase in care services required to look after people in the community
Name 3 social challenges of an ageing UK population
- Older people have wealth of skills that will be lost if not passed onto the younger generation
- Increasingly, working-age people are caring for their children and their elderly parents
- Increase in elderly people living on their own which may lead to feelings of isolation and also decrease the amount of housing available
Define Eco-housing
Houses that are built to make them environmentally sustainable
Name 4 challenges of creating urban sustainable communities
- Building on greenfield land is necessary to increase the number of homes
- Community differences
- Existing community
- Eco-housing often costs more to build and may not be affordable
Define greenfield site
Area of land that has not been used before for building
Define environmental sustainability
Improvements in the standard of living that do not cause long term damage to the environment
Define economic sustainability
Development that ensures everyone has the right to economic improvement in the long term
Define social sustainability
Development that is inclusive and ensures an improvement in the standard of living for all
name an example of a greenfield site
Oxford’s green belt
Describe Oxford’s green belt greenfield site (2)
- Greenbelts were used to try and stop the expansion of towns and cities
- Under increasing pressure to be built due to high demand for new homes
Name 3 challenges faced by planners when considering building on greenfield land
- Environmental sustainability - destruction of rural land leading to more urban sprawl
- Economic sustainability - cost of housing too high for locals and less job opportunities for newcomers to the community
- Social sustainability - may encourage urban residents to move to the countryside and change the way of life for the rural area
Define brownfield site
Area for redevelopment that has previously been built on
Define re-urbanisation
People moving from the countryside back to urban areas
Name an example of a brownfield site
Ipswich Waterfront Development
Describe the brownfield site - Ipswich Waterfront Development (6)
- Site formerly industrial dockland area with warehouses and factories
- Been left derelict since 1970s
- Warehouses refurbished into shops
- Land more expensive than greenfield land
- Remains of archaeological value needed to be conserved at a cost of £1.2 million per hectare
- A former derelict has been transformed into a vibrant location before
Define Central Business District (CBD)
The main shopping and service area in a city
Name 5 economic factors leading to a change in retailing
- Increase in number of home delivery firms, making delivering goods cheaper
- Congestion in city centres
- Large areas of free parking in out-of-town retail parks
- High city-centre parking costs
- Wages paid monthly rather than weekly
Name 2 cultural factors leading to a change in retailing
- Car-dependant society
2. Habit of bulk buying and weekly or monthly shops=
Name 4 technological factors leading to a change in retailing
- Development of wide coverage of high-speed broadband
- Sophisticated websites which can show you your goods from any angle before you buy
- Rise of many retailers that are only online
- Internet Banking
Name 6 benefits of out-of-town shopping centres
- Large free parking areas for customers
- Easy access for customers and deliveries as near major road junctions
- Usually less congestion
- Room for expansion
- Land values cheaper
- Near suburban housing estates and close to customers and workplace
Name 4 costs of out-of-town shopping centres
- Attracts shoppers away from city centres which could cause their decline
- Can cause congestion on surrounding access roads
- Similar trade stores populate the shopping centres and therefore don’t support small independent stores
- Land use conflict - edge of the city location is in high demand for other uses such as golf courses and business parks
Name 6 benefits of online shopping
- Convenient and often cheaper
- Customers buy products not available locally
- Buy at any time from any location
- Traffic congestion in city centres reduced
- Less time consuming
- Jobs provided in delivery industry
Name 5 costs of online shopping
- Not everyone has internet access
- Goods may not be as expected
- City centres loses trade and so people lose jobs
- Delivery van increase leads to increase in congestion
- Storage of credit details leaves customers targets for fraud
Name an example of a high street change
Lancaster
How did Lancaster’s local council made improvements to the shopping environment (5)
- New paving reduces trip hazards
- Street furniture made of stringer materials so last longer
- New signs in pedestrianised areas
- Trees planted to enhanced natural environment
- Market day attracts new traders
