Population and urban change in the UK Flashcards

1
Q

Define natural population change

A

The change in population from births and deaths only

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2
Q

Define migration

A

Movement of people from one place to another

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3
Q

Define social factors

A

Factors that relate to people’s health, lifestyle and community

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4
Q

Define infant mortality rate

A

Number of deaths of children under one year of age occurring per 1000 live births in an area per year

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5
Q

Define ageing population

A

Country which has a high proportion of people aged over 65

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6
Q

Define birth rate

A

The number of babies born in an area per 1000 of population

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7
Q

Define economic factors

A

Factors that relate to cost and finance

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8
Q

Define political factors

A

Factors that relate to decisions made by government, either national or local

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9
Q

Define death rate

A

Number of people dying in an area per 1000 of population

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10
Q

Name 4 social factors affecting population change

A
  1. Healthcare - NHS access the care people need leading to low infant mortality rate
  2. Marriage - people marrying later in the UK which affects when they start a family
  3. Culture - widely acceptable for women to delay having children until their 30s
  4. Ageing Population - greater proportion being past their child-bearing age leading to a lower birth rate
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11
Q

Name 3 economic factors affecting population change

A
  1. Cost of raising a family - increased in the UK may discourage starting families
  2. Maternity pay - longer period of pay may lead to more births
  3. Career - women continue with careers ad increase incomes rather than start families
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12
Q

Name 4 political factors affecting population change

A
  1. Contraception - widely available meaning unwanted pregnancies are restricted
  2. Maternity rights - changes may encourage people to have children
  3. Migration - 2015, 333,000 more people moved to the UK and moved out
  4. Vaccination programmes - reduces death rate
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13
Q

Name 6 reasons for people moving into the UK

A
  1. Availability of jobs
  2. Stable political system
  3. Good health service
  4. Better rates of pay so higher income
  5. Good education system
  6. Already established network of family or people similar ethnic or cultural origin
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14
Q

Name 5 reasons for people moving within the UK

A
  1. Cost of housing
  2. Change of lifestyle
  3. In search of work
  4. Need to live close to your place of work is increasingly becoming less important
  5. Locate near family for care needs
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15
Q

Name 6 impacts of people moving into and within the UK

A
  1. Increase in young adults who work and pay taxes
  2. Increase in birth rates due to migrants having children
  3. Increase in number of languages that are spoken in the UK
  4. Strain on schools due to non-English speaking students
  5. House prices in desirable areas increase
  6. Diversity of culture means UK has greater range of foods, restaurants and so on
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16
Q

Name 3 economic challenges of an aging UK population

A
  1. Reduced number of economically active people in the UK to pay taxes
  2. More money needed to pay for state pensions
  3. More people are dependant on the state
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17
Q

Name 2 health challenges of an ageing UK population

A
  1. Increase in health issues as people live longer

2. Large increase in care services required to look after people in the community

18
Q

Name 3 social challenges of an ageing UK population

A
  1. Older people have wealth of skills that will be lost if not passed onto the younger generation
  2. Increasingly, working-age people are caring for their children and their elderly parents
  3. Increase in elderly people living on their own which may lead to feelings of isolation and also decrease the amount of housing available
19
Q

Define Eco-housing

A

Houses that are built to make them environmentally sustainable

20
Q

Name 4 challenges of creating urban sustainable communities

A
  1. Building on greenfield land is necessary to increase the number of homes
  2. Community differences
  3. Existing community
  4. Eco-housing often costs more to build and may not be affordable
21
Q

Define greenfield site

A

Area of land that has not been used before for building

22
Q

Define environmental sustainability

A

Improvements in the standard of living that do not cause long term damage to the environment

23
Q

Define economic sustainability

A

Development that ensures everyone has the right to economic improvement in the long term

24
Q

Define social sustainability

A

Development that is inclusive and ensures an improvement in the standard of living for all

25
Q

name an example of a greenfield site

A

Oxford’s green belt

26
Q

Describe Oxford’s green belt greenfield site (2)

A
  1. Greenbelts were used to try and stop the expansion of towns and cities
  2. Under increasing pressure to be built due to high demand for new homes
27
Q

Name 3 challenges faced by planners when considering building on greenfield land

A
  1. Environmental sustainability - destruction of rural land leading to more urban sprawl
  2. Economic sustainability - cost of housing too high for locals and less job opportunities for newcomers to the community
  3. Social sustainability - may encourage urban residents to move to the countryside and change the way of life for the rural area
28
Q

Define brownfield site

A

Area for redevelopment that has previously been built on

29
Q

Define re-urbanisation

A

People moving from the countryside back to urban areas

30
Q

Name an example of a brownfield site

A

Ipswich Waterfront Development

31
Q

Describe the brownfield site - Ipswich Waterfront Development (6)

A
  1. Site formerly industrial dockland area with warehouses and factories
  2. Been left derelict since 1970s
  3. Warehouses refurbished into shops
  4. Land more expensive than greenfield land
  5. Remains of archaeological value needed to be conserved at a cost of £1.2 million per hectare
  6. A former derelict has been transformed into a vibrant location before
32
Q

Define Central Business District (CBD)

A

The main shopping and service area in a city

33
Q

Name 5 economic factors leading to a change in retailing

A
  1. Increase in number of home delivery firms, making delivering goods cheaper
  2. Congestion in city centres
  3. Large areas of free parking in out-of-town retail parks
  4. High city-centre parking costs
  5. Wages paid monthly rather than weekly
34
Q

Name 2 cultural factors leading to a change in retailing

A
  1. Car-dependant society

2. Habit of bulk buying and weekly or monthly shops=

35
Q

Name 4 technological factors leading to a change in retailing

A
  1. Development of wide coverage of high-speed broadband
  2. Sophisticated websites which can show you your goods from any angle before you buy
  3. Rise of many retailers that are only online
  4. Internet Banking
36
Q

Name 6 benefits of out-of-town shopping centres

A
  1. Large free parking areas for customers
  2. Easy access for customers and deliveries as near major road junctions
  3. Usually less congestion
  4. Room for expansion
  5. Land values cheaper
  6. Near suburban housing estates and close to customers and workplace
37
Q

Name 4 costs of out-of-town shopping centres

A
  1. Attracts shoppers away from city centres which could cause their decline
  2. Can cause congestion on surrounding access roads
  3. Similar trade stores populate the shopping centres and therefore don’t support small independent stores
  4. Land use conflict - edge of the city location is in high demand for other uses such as golf courses and business parks
38
Q

Name 6 benefits of online shopping

A
  1. Convenient and often cheaper
  2. Customers buy products not available locally
  3. Buy at any time from any location
  4. Traffic congestion in city centres reduced
  5. Less time consuming
  6. Jobs provided in delivery industry
39
Q

Name 5 costs of online shopping

A
  1. Not everyone has internet access
  2. Goods may not be as expected
  3. City centres loses trade and so people lose jobs
  4. Delivery van increase leads to increase in congestion
  5. Storage of credit details leaves customers targets for fraud
40
Q

Name an example of a high street change

A

Lancaster

41
Q

How did Lancaster’s local council made improvements to the shopping environment (5)

A
  1. New paving reduces trip hazards
  2. Street furniture made of stringer materials so last longer
  3. New signs in pedestrianised areas
  4. Trees planted to enhanced natural environment
  5. Market day attracts new traders