population and the evironment Flashcards
birth rate
the number of live births per 1000 of the population in a year
death rate
the number of deaths per 1000 per population in a year
population density
the average number of people in an area e.g square kilometre
fertility rate
the average number of children a woman can expect to give birth to in her (fertile) lifetime
migration rate
the amount of people moving from one place to another, in a year
natural increase
the birth rate exceeds the death rate in one year, so the population grows
infant mortality rate
the number of children who die before they reach their first birthday, per 1000 per year
life expectancy
the average number of years a person can expect to live to at birth
population distribution
the pattern of where people live
population parameter
different measurable factors to describe population e.g density, distribution, rate of change
agricultural productivity
the output of agriculture in terms of the inputs such as the capital and labour
climate
the average weather conditions of a particular place; a suitable climate is required for high yields
food security
when there is plentiful nutritious and affordable food
salinisation
increase of salt concentration in soil
dependency ratio
measures the level of dependency in a country
population pyramid
represents the breakdown of the population by gender and age
demographic dividend
an economic boost due to the number of working population exceeding that of dependents
refugee
someone who moves to another country in order to be safe from persecution or conflict in their own country; their claim for asylum has also been improved
asylum seeker
someone claiming safety in another country, but have not yet been approved to stay
economic migrant
someone who migrates to another country due to job / economic benefits / opportunities
immigrant
someone who makes a conscious choice to move somewhere else to live; they move INTO another country
emigrant
someone who leaves a country, they make a choice to LEAVE the area
push / pull factors
factors that either force someone to leave an area or invite someone to want to live there
what is exponential growth?
increase in number or size at a constantly growing rate
what is population density?
how many people per square kilometre (number of people/size of area)
what are the two main water bodies in Niger?
Lake Chad and River Niger
what is the opposite of commercial farming?
subsistence
what is the opposite of intensive farming?
extensive
what are the three types of farming types?
arable, pastoral, mixed
how is agricultural productivity measured?
in terms of yields
what is total factor productivity?
the ratio of agricultural outputs (e.g crop yield/livestock) to inputs (e.g land/labour)
how does the carbon emissions of countries with immigration differ from those with emigration?
(per capita) those with net immigration have 3 times higher emissions than those with net emigration
when does labour want to remove the green belt around core cities by and why?
2023, due to population pressure of increased migration. this means that greenfield sites are having to be used for housing and urban sprawl
what percentage of the UK believes migration is bad for the economy?
47%
by how much are uni fees higher for migrants?
3 times higher
what proportion of the UK wanted immigration to be cut in 2016?
over 3/4
what industry do migrant’s contribute to most and why?
the primary industry: work as fruit pickers which hugely benefits the economy
what are alluvial soils?
deposited on floodplains, nutrient rich
what is a parent material?
the rock underlying the material
what is soil texture?
proportion of sand/silt/clay
(loam = mixture of soil, particle that is most dominant)
what is soil structure?
how the particles are grouped together, called peds
what is an example of a blue zone community?
Okinawa (Japan)
