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GCSE Geography > Population and settlement > Flashcards

Population and settlement Flashcards

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1
Q

What is crude birth rate?

A

A measure of an areas fertility. It is expressed as the number of live births per 1000 people per year

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2
Q

What is crude death rate?

A

The number of deaths per 1000 people per year

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3
Q

How does education affect birth rates?

A
  • Education, which affects the status of women- if women are educated (higher female literacy), having a career becomes more important than starting a family.
  • educated women also start a family later, so there is less opportunity for them to have large families.
  • some traditions demand high rates of reproduction- these are more common in Asian countries and also in Africa.
  • some religions, such as Muslim and Roman Catholics religions oppose artificial birth control
  • availability and education of Contraception and family planning can help lower the effect of these
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4
Q

What factors affect death rates?

A
  • disease, famine, lack of clean water, lack of medical care cause high death rates
  • improving these things lowers death rates
  • an ageing population will also increase the death rates of a country
  • infant mortality rates
  • transportation of food and availability of food
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5
Q

How do you calculate natural population growth?

A

Birth rate- death rate

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6
Q

What is annual growth rate?

A
  • the change in size of population caused by the interrelationship between birth and death rates
  • if the birth rate exceeds death rate, there will be a natural increase
  • if death rate exceeds birth rate, there will be a natural decrease
  • this is also affected by migration
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7
Q

What is a demographic transition model?

A
  • The demographic transition model shows population change over time.
  • It studies how birth rate and death rate affect the total population of a country. It shows marked differences between LEDCs and MEDCs.
  • it consists of 5 stages
  • Most LEDCs are at stage 2 or 3 (with a growing population and a high natural increase).
  • Most MEDCs are now at stage 4 of the model and some such as Germany have entered stage 5.
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8
Q

What are the key features and meanings on population pyramids?

A

A pyramid typical of an LIC:
-Narrow at the top which means there is a small proportion of elderly people
-wide at the base which means there is a large proportion of young people (high birth rate)
-the pyramids narrow as the ages increase due to a high death rate
A pyramid typical of a HIC:
-Wider at the top because of a longer life expectancy
-wider in the middle p, means that people are living longer, with less infant mortality
-narrower at the base, meaning lower birth rates

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9
Q

Briefly describe the different stages of the demographic transition model

A

Stage 1: high death rate, high birth rate
Stage 2: death rate which starts to fall, high birth rate
Stage 3: still falling death rate, birth rate starts to fall
Stage 4: low death rate, low birth rate
Stage 5: death rate goes up slightly due to ageing population, low birth rate

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10
Q

What are the problems associated with countries with an ageing population/ high number of old dependants on care needs and health and fitness?

A
  1. Health and fitness:
    - ageing population leads to an increase in degenerative diseases like cancers, dementia and heart disease
    - this increases the pressure on the public health services and the government has to divert mor etas revenues to pay for treatment of these diseases
  2. Increasing care needs:
    - there will be a greater number of elderly people, needing increasing levels of care over time
    - they will usually be moved to sheltered accommodation or nursing homes
    - this again increases the amount of tax revenue that the government has to spend on providing these homes
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11
Q

What are the three sections on population pyramids (bottom to top)

A

Young dependant, economically active, old dependant

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12
Q

What is migration?

A

the movement of people across a specified boundary, national or international to establish a new permanent place of residence.

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13
Q

What is internal migration?

A

Migration within a country

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14
Q

What is international migration?

A

Migration from one country to another

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15
Q

What is voluntary migration?

A

When a migrant chooses to leave their country or region

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16
Q

What is involuntary migration?

A

(forced) where a migrant has no choice and has to leave their country or region.

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17
Q

What is a refugee?

A

a person who has been forced to migrate in order to escape war, a natural disaster or persecution but who does not have another country to go to.

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18
Q

What does internally displaced mean?

A

people who are forced to flee their homes due to human or environmental factors, but who remain in the same country.

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19
Q

What is an economic migrant?

A

a person who emigrates from one country to another to seek an improvement in their standard of living (the UN uses the term migrant worker)

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20
Q

What are remittances?

A

money sent back by migrants back to their families in their home countries

21
Q

What are the causes of migration in Mexico (push/pull factors)

A

push factors:

  • Thigh crime rates in Mexico, especially in the capital. Homicide rates and drug related crimes are high - It is thought that in the past five years, 47 500 people have been killed in crimes relating to drugs.
  • Unemployment and poverty in Mexico - has risen exponentially in recent years - 5.37 in 2010.
  • A large portion of the Mexican population are farmers, living in rural areas where extreme temperatures and poor quality land make it difficult to actually farm. This is causing many Mexican families to struggle, with 47% of the population living under the poverty line.

pull factors:

  • homicide rates only 6.9 per 1000
  • Mexican migrants often take low paying, menial jobs, which, while low paying, offer higher wages than what they’d earn in Mexico.
22
Q

What are the impacts of migration on the USA?

A

Impacts on the USA:
Many people in the USA believe Mexicans bring crime to the USA, with Trump saying : ‘When Mexico sends its people, they’re not sending their best,’ he said. ‘They’re sending people that have lots of problems. … They’re bringing drugs. They’re bringing crime.’
Mexican migrants contribute 4% of the US GDP (total money earned by the country). If you include second and third generation migrants this figure rises to 8%.
The introduction of Mexican cultural traditions to America, especially in states with large numbers of migrants, have helped to improve cultural aspects of those states. Mexican themed food has become incredibly popular in America with burrito and taco fast food shops opening up across the country. The new food and music has helped to improve the cultural diversity of America significantly.

23
Q

Why is migration from Mexico so controversial?

A
  • because the USA is seen as a rich country, whereas Mexico is very poor, with high crime and poverty.
  • This means that many believe it is uncharitable for the USA to be against immigration from Mexico, but oppositions believe that Mexican migrants take away from USA’s economy, especially with the increasing unemployment rates.
24
Q

How do you work out overall population growth?

A

Birth rate-death rate (plus or minus) net migration

25
Q

How does the development of a country affect birth rates?

A
  • in LICs, children are viewed as economic assets because of the work they are legally allowed to do. Lack of retirement homes means children in LICs are also expected to look after parents when they grow up
  • in HICs, this general perception is reversed, and children are more ‘expensive’. The desire for material possessions, eg cars and holidays sometimes overcomes desire for children.
  • economic growth allows greater spending on health, housing, nutrition and education which is important for lowering mortality and in turn reducing birth rate
  • polygamy (when men are allowed to have more than 1 wife)
26
Q

How can birth rate be lowered?

A

-for politically strategic reasons, some governments try to change rate of population growth, During the late 1930s, Germany, Italy and Japan offered inducements and concessions to those with large families. However, today, most governments try to reduce birth rates

27
Q

What are the problems associated with countries with an ageing population/ high number of old dependants on pensions/ fewer workers/ average wages?

A
  1. Pensions:
    - as life expectancy increases, there will be more people claiming state pensions for longer
    - this again increases the amount of tax revenue needed to be spent to provide these pensions
  2. Fewer workers:
    - there will be a smaller and smaller working population and a larger dependant population
    - therefore, the government will receive less income tax to spend on hospitals, schools and pensions.
    - This could lead to working people paying increased tax levels
  3. Average wages:
    - these will increase as there is a shortage of workers
    - this means companies will become less competitive and there will be less investment from transnational companies such as banks and the economy may stagnate
28
Q

What is the impact of migration on Mexico?

A

Impacts on Mexico:
Remittances sent home by Mexican migrants (almost all of them residing in the US) rose to $24.8 billion in 2015.
Migrants tend to leave areas of Mexico where unemployment is particularly high, hence reducing the country’s unemployment pressure
There is a loss of skilled and enterprising people
Migrants returning to Mexico have changed values and attitudes

29
Q

What things affect population change?

A
  1. Fertility (births)
    2.Mortality (deaths)
  2. Migration
    This means the population of an area changes due to natural causes/ natural growth rate and migration
30
Q

What is fertility rate?

A
  • The number of live births per 1000 women ages 15-49 in one year
  • it can also be defined as the number of children each woman in a population will bear
  • if this number is 2.1 or higher, the population will replace itself
31
Q

What is infant mortality rate?

A

The number of deaths of children under the age of 1 year expressed as per 1000 live births per year

32
Q

What is life expectancy?

A

The average numbers of years from birth a person can be expected to live

33
Q

What is population explosion?

A

A sudden very rapid rise in the growth of the population

34
Q

What is exponential growth?

A
  • also known as geometric growth
  • this means that the population doubles each time it grows, for example: (1,2,4,8,16)
  • this is a contrast to arithmetic growth, where something grows by the same amount each time (1,2,3,4,5)
35
Q

Why has population increased so much in recent years?

A

technological advance has meant the carrying capacity of the land has increased

36
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

The largest population that the resources of a given environment can support.

37
Q

Where is the fastest population growth happening?

A

In the least developed countries

38
Q

What are immigration + emigration + net migration rates?

A
  • immigration rate is the number of people entering a country in a year
  • emigration rate is the number of people leaving a country in a year
  • the rate of net migration is the difference between the rates of emigration and immigration
39
Q

What are the areas for factors affecting fertility?

A

Demographic, social/cultural, economic, political

40
Q

What are the demographic factors affecting fertility?

A

infant mortality: if this is high, parents have more births to compensate for these expected deaths. This can be helped by investment in public health, such as hospitals and more doctors

41
Q

What are the social/ cultural factors which affect fertility?

A
  • Some traditions (mainly Africa) demand high rates of reproduction. - - Here the status of women is low, as socially less women go to school and female literacy is low.
  • With education comes a knowledge of birth control, greater social awareness, more opportunity for employment and wider choice if action generally.
  • religion: Muslim and Roman Catholic religions oppose artificial birth control.
  • most countries with population policies try to reduce fertility by investing in birth control.
42
Q

What are the economic factors affecting fertility rate?

A
  • less developed countries tend to have higher birth rates
  • parents in LEDCs tend to see children as economic assets because of the work they do (often in farms) and the support they give parents in old age, as in poor countries there is little/ no support for elderly people.
  • in developed countries, this is the opposite: children are seen as economic burdens.
  • economic growth allows spending on on health, housing, nutrition and education, all important in reducing fertility
  • in general an increase in average age of marriage leads to a fall in birth rate.
43
Q

What are the political factors affecting birth rates?

A
  • many governments have tried to change the rate of population growth, for economic and strategic reasons
  • governments can offer inducements to those with large families to try to increase population growth.
  • most governments today want to decrease population growth rate
44
Q

What are the main factors affecting mortality? (Page 8-9)

A

.

45
Q

what is chinas one child policy?

A
  • In 1979, the One Child Rule was introduced in China.
  • It is an anti-natal policy.
  • It was brought in because of concerns about the size of China’s population.
  • In the 1960s the fertility rate was as high as 5.7 and the country could not support this rate of population growth.
46
Q

how did china enforce its one child policy?

A
  • parents who had more than one child could have their wages reduced and be denied some social services. they also had basic rice withdrawn for all extra children, government employees were sacked and their retirement pensions were cancelled. farmers who couldn’t pay fines in cash had cattle taken from them.
  • families who followed the policy were given benefits such as increased education access for all, plus childcare, healthcare, housing, cash bonuses, longer maternity leave, and better chances of promotion for government employees.
47
Q

what were the impacts of chinas one child policy?

A
  • The fertility rate has dropped from 5.7 in 1960 to 1.5 in 2011.
  • About 400 million births may have been prevented.
  • It has led to an ageing population with a high dependency ratio.
  • The ageing population is also increasing because of the improvements in living standards and life expectancy in the country. In 2010, 8.6% of Chinese were aged over 65.
  • in recent years this problem has been referred to as the 4-2-1 problem whereby one adult child must support 2 parents and 4 grandparents
  • The cultural preference for boys has meant that there seems to be a gender imbalance in China, with a ratio of boys:girls of about 117:100, whereas in most populations, this number is only 105.5:100. There have been reports of female infanticide, especially when the policy was first introduced.
  • This gender imbalance is now narrowing as China seems to be valuing girls more. For example, girls are now encouraged to travel to the factories to work and bring home pay. Being a one-child policy girl also meant extra university points in one province.
48
Q

where did chinas one child policy work best?

A
  • in urban areas, where the traditional bias of wanting a son is less

GCSE Geography (7 decks)

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