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Biology A2 > Population and Ecosystems > Flashcards

Population and Ecosystems Flashcards

1
Q

Define Population

A

All the organisms, of a particular species, in a particular location at one time

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2
Q

Define community

A

All of the organisms, of all species, living in one location at one time

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3
Q

Define Ecosystem

A

A characteristic community of interdependent species and their habitat

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4
Q

Define Habitat

A

The location in which an organism lives

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5
Q

Define Niche

A

The role of a particular species in its ecosystem, including its microhabitat, feeding and breeding behaviour etc.

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6
Q

Define Ecology

A

The study of how living organisms interact with each other and their environment

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7
Q

Define Environment

A

The physical and biological conditions under which an organism lives

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8
Q

Define Biotic

A

The biological components of an ecosystem

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9
Q

Define Abiotic

A

The non-biological components in an ecosystem.

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10
Q

What varies in an ecosystem?

A 
.Size
.Species composition
.Successional Change
.Population size
.Biological cycles
.Energy flow
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11
Q

What do Population numbers depend on?

A

.Birth Rate
.Death Rate
.Immigration into the population
.Emigration away from the population

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12
Q

If birth rate and immigration is greater than death rate and emigration what happens to population?

A

Population increase

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13
Q

What are the seven limiting factors for a population?

A
  1. Predation
  2. Parasitism
  3. Disease
  4. Overcrowding
  5. Food availability
  6. Toxic waste accumulation
  7. Climate
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14
Q

What are the four density DEPENDANT factors?

A
  1. Disease
  2. Parasitism
  3. Accumulation of toxic waste
  4. Food Supply
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15
Q

What do density DEPENDANT factors result in?

A

Slow down of population growth

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16
Q

Give an example of a density INDEPENDANT factor?

A

Freezing
Flood
Fire

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17
Q

What do density INDEPENDANT factors cause?

A

Population crash

18
Q

What are the seven biotic factors?

A
  1. Parasitism
  2. Food Availability
  3. Nesting site availability
  4. Predation
  5. Disease
  6. Territory availability
  7. Shelter
19
Q

What are the six abiotic factors?

A
  1. Soil pH
  2. Light
  3. Temperature
  4. Water pH
  5. Mineral nutrient
  6. Oxygen
20
Q

What are the four phases of the sigmoid population growth curve?

A
  1. Lag
  2. Log
  3. Stationary
  4. Death
21
Q

Describe the Lag phase of the sigmoid population growth curve?

A

This phase has slow growth due to a shortage of reproducing individuals

22
Q

Describe the Log phase of the sigmoid population growth curve?

A

This phase has the fastest population growth, Birth rate exceeds death rate

23
Q

Describe the Stationary phase of the sigmoid population growth curve?

A

This phase the birth and death rate are balanced, the ecosystem is at carrying capacity.

24
Q

Describe the Death phase of the sigmoid population growth curve?

A

Limiting factors come into play and population decreases. Death rate exceeds birth rate.

25
Q

Define Carrying Capacity

A

The maximum population size that can be maintained/ sustained over a period of time in a particular habitat/ environment.

26
Q

Why does population fluctuate?

A

If population rises above the carrying capacity a limiting factor affects the population.
If the population falls below the carrying capacity then environmental resistance is decreased leading to an increase in birth rate.

27
Q

What are the two types of competition?

A

Inter-specific

Intra-specific

28
Q

Define INTER-specific competition

A

Competition between individuals of different species, as two species cannot occupy the same niche

29
Q

Define INTRA-specific competition

A

Competition between individuals of the same species

30
Q

What can effect the extent of INTER-specific competition?

A

The more the niches overlap the greater the competition

31
Q

What are the 5 points that species compete over when niches overlap?

A
  1. Food
  2. Oxygen
  3. Carbon Dioxide
  4. Nutrients
  5. Nesting/ Dwelling sites
32
Q

What four things do plants compete for?

A
  1. Light
  2. Water
  3. Space
  4. Mineral ions
33
Q

What four things do animals compete for?

A
  1. Food and Water
  2. Shelter
  3. Space
  4. Reproductive partners
34
Q

What is abundance?

A

A measure of how many individuals exist in a habitat.

35
Q

How can plant abundance be measured?

A

Using quadrats

36
Q

How can animal abundance be measured?

A
  1. Capture-mark-recapture

2. Kick sampling

37
Q

What is distribution?

A

The area or volume in which the organisms of species are found in

38
Q

How is distribution measure in animals?

A

By observation or faecal deposists

39
Q

How is distribution measure in plants?

A

Line transects with quadrats

40
Q

What does a line transect show?

A

Shows the variety of species that lie on a line, at measured intervals.

41
Q

What does a belt transect involve?

A

It involves laying a tape through the area of study and sampling the population with quadrats positioned at regular intervals alongside the tape.

42
Q

What is Sophie not getting till december?

Biology A2 (8 decks)

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