Population Flashcards
Wats the definition of death rate
Number of deaths per 1000 people per year
What’s the definition of birth rate
Number of live births per 1000 people per year
What’s the definition of fertility rate
The average number of children a woman will have between the ages of 15 and 44
What’s the definition of infant morality rate
The number of children out of every 1000 born alive who die before their first birthday
What’s the definition of life expectancy
The average age in years a person can be expected to live
What’s the definition of migration rate
The difference between the number of people migrating in and the number of people migrating out per 100,000 of the population per year
What’s the definition of population density
The number of people per square kilometre. Total population of an area divided by the size of the area.
What’s the definition of natural population change
The change in population because of the difference between birth rate and death rate not including changes due to migration
What’s the definition of zero growth rate
Where population is neither increasing or decreasing, eg. Birth rate and death rate equal
What does the demographic transition model show
How the population of a country changes over time through five stages. Shows birth rate, death rate and total population.
What’s stage 1 of the DTM like?
Birth rate and death rate fluctuate at a high level
What’s stage 2 of the DTM like?
Death rate falls but birth rate remains high so the population increases rapidly
What’s an example of a country in stage 2 of the DTM
Nepal or Afghanistan
What’s stage 3 of the DTM like?
Birth rate falls a lot and death rate falls slightly
Give an example of a country in stage 3 of the DTM
Egypt
What’s stage 4 of the DTM like?
Low birth rate and low death rate, both fluctuate at a low level
What’s a country in stage 4 of the DTM
The USA
What’s stage 5 of the DTM like?
Birth rate drops below death rate and total population declining
Give an example of a country in stage 5 of the DTM
Japan
What are the problems with being in stages 4 to 5 of the DTM
Too few children to replace ageing workforce so economy growth slows. Smaller population so less spending so slows economy. Fewer taxpayers so less money for services but also need more to provide for the elderly
What are the problems with being in stage 2-3 of the DTM
Can become overpopulated as don’t have the resources eg money and services to cope with the expanding population. Can introduce policies to prevent too much population growth eg china one child policy 1979
What was the uk like in stage 1 of the DTM
Total population small, 6 million in 1700. Poor diet and hygiene, wars and diseases caused high death rate. Birth rate also high though.
What was the uk like in stage 2 of the DTM
Population grew quickly due to improvements in farming and medicine so disease and starvation reduced. Birth rate was high and rapid economical growth
What was the uk like in stage 3 of the DTM
Population still growing, but slower, 47 million by 1941. Birth control improved and was more used so birth rate fell. Death rate fell aside from in ww1 as food supply and medicine improved
What was the uk like in stage 4 of the DTM
Population growth slowed down, 56 million by 1981. Death rate low aside from in ww2 and birth rate low aside from the baby boom
What will the uk be like in stage 5 of the DTM
Ageing population and by 2040 1/4 of uk will be over 65. Population may begin to decline if birth rate becomes lower than death rate
Why is the DTM useful
Can give a generalised idea of how a population can change over time. Easy to compare and can forecast how population is likely to change which allows government to decide on policies eg immigration law or one child whatsit
What are some limitations of the DTM
Population in different countries may change differently due to social things, eg catholic church condemns contraception. Original DTM didn’t have stage 5 but it had to be added. Doesn’t take into account migration which has a large effect on population change
What three things may affect a population so it no longer fits the DTM
Population policies, infectious disease or civil war
What does the dependency ratio show
The proportion of the population that has to be supported by the working population (15-64).
How is the dependency ratio calculated
Young (under 15) + old (over 65) divided by the working age population (15-64
What are 4 social impacts of an ageing population non specifically
Increased pressure on public services eg hospices. Unequal distribution of older people so areas may not have facilities for younger people eg child are. Reduced population growth or decline. Longer working life as state pension is low due to all the retired people like my dad
What are 3 economic impacts of an ageing population
Reduced work force so slower growth. Increased taxes to provide for services and pensions. Good for economy as elderly have savings to spend on knitting equipment and buying their grandchildren presents or something
What are 2 social impacts of a youthful population
Increased pressure on public services such as childcare or schools. Rapid population growth which may lead to overpopulation.
What are 2 economic impacts of a youthful population
Unemployment as not enough jobs for young people. Increased poverty as more young people born into poverty and aren’t educated as they have to work so can’t break out of poverty
What’s a political impact of an ageing population
Elderly issues will be important to voters eg changes to pensions
What’s a political impact of a youthful population
Youth issues will be important eg student loans and childcare provision
What four things can be done to manage ageing populations
Encouraging larger families. Raising retirement age. Encouraging immigration of working age people. Increasing healthcare provision
How does encouraging larger families help to manage the ageing population
Eg Swedish government give both parents 18 months paid leave. Should result in a larger working population in future which can provide more taxes for better services
How does raising the retirement age manage an ageing population
Working population larger so more people contribute to pension funds for longer and will claim pension for less time
How does increasing the immigration of working age people help a country manage an ageing population
I’m recent years Japan increased number of foreign workers as aren’t enough working age Japanese people for aoonthe jobs. This increases the working population which supports the ageing population by paying taxes towards pensions and services
How does increasing health care provision help to manage an ageing population
Helps to ease the problem of poor health in the elderly as large numbers of older people put pressure on the health care systems
What are 4 strategies for managing a youthful population
Controlling birth rate. Limiting immigration of younger people. Encouraging use of contraception. Increasing childcare provision.
How does controlling birth rates help to manage a youthful population
Eg china introduced one child policy in 1979 and this is thought to have prevented 300 million births. Slows further population growth.
How does limiting the immigration of younger people help to manage a youthful population
Means birth rates aren’t made higher by immigrants having children
How does encouraging the use of contraception manage a youthful population
Governments can offer free sex ed like that interpretive dance with mr walker. Free contraception.
How does increasing childcare provision help to manage a youthful population
Countries can invest in making it more accessible so parents can work. Helps to manage some of the problems caused by a youthful population.
What is sustainable development
Developing to meet the needs of the current population without hindering the ability of people in the future to meet their needs. Involves not damaging the environment or altering it in an irreversible way or depleting all of a resource. Problem is the populations needs all need to be met in a sustainable way.
Why does the uk have an ageing population and how many people are old
People over 65 will be 25% of population by 2040. Increasing life expectancy. Baby booms in 40s and 60s. Falling birth rate so higher proportion of older people
What problems does an ageing population impose on the uk
Pressure on pension system - only 60% population are of working age to pay takes for this. More elderly people living in poverty as working population isn’t big enough to afford a higher state pension. Pressure on health service greater.
How did increasing the age of retirement in the uk help to combat our ageing population
Will be raised to 68 for everyone by 2050. Currently 65 for men and 60 for women. Means people have to work for longer do there’s a larger working population
How does encouraging immigration of working class people help the uks ageing population
Around 80% immigrants to uk are under 34. Increases size of working population. Unlimited immigration from countries in the eu eg Poland
How does the uk government encourage people to have children
New uk pension proposals mean women won’t lose out on any of their state pension if thru take career breaks to have children
How does increasing retirement age contribute to sustainable development
Doesn’t increase the population but more jobs may be needed as people work for longer which may reduce sustainable development unless the jobs come in a sustainable way such as working on wind farms etc
How does allowing immigration contribute to sustainable development
Only sustainable if needs of new people met in a sustainable way eg increased energy demand could be met by increasing renewable energy sources
What’s the population of Uganda like
50% population under 15. Youthful population. Only 3% over 65.
Why is ugandas population youthful
High birth rate of 50 per 1000 people and total fertility rate of 7 children. Low life expectancy of 52 years so proportion made up of young people is high
What problems are caused by Ugandas youthful population
Pressure on health service, 6000 women die in childbirth each year. Pressure will be even greater when youthful population reach reproductive age. Overpopulation. Unemployment will rise as not enough jobs for everybody and poverty will increase
What strategies have Uganda used to manage its youthful population
Encouraging use of contraceptives, only 25% of married women use contraceptives. Its free but not very widely available. However birth rate is still increasing so this suggests this hasn’t worked. Should reduce birth rate and help prevent overpopulation from getting worse so country can focus on sustainable development for the current population
What are the four zones of an urban area
Inner city. Suburb. Rural urban fringe. Rural.
What is ethnicity like in the different zones
Proportion of ethnic minorities tend to decrease as you move out of the city
What is wealth like in the different zones
Wealth tends to increase as you move out of the city
What’s employment like in the different zones
Amount employed in tertiary sector increases as move out of the city
What’s provision of services like I’m the inner city
Lots of shops and services in city centre
What’s provision of services like in the suburbs
Some local shopping areas, fairly close to city centre and good avalibility of public transport
What’s provison of services like in rural urban fringes
Often have out of town shopping complexes or retail parks and recreational facilities such as gold courses
What’s provision of services like in rural areas
Village shops sometimes and lack of public transport facilities
What’s the environmental welfare like in the inner city
Old poor quality housing so poor living environment. Vandalism levels highest here. Air pollution due to industrial sites and traffic.
What are push factors
Things that make people want to move out of the place they’re in. Negative factors about where they’re leaving eg lack of jobs, poor services, fear of persecution or wars
What are pull factors
They attract people to a new place. Positive factors about the place they’re moving to eg better jobs and more opportunities, better education or services
What are obstacles
Things that make migration more difficult eg the cost of moving
What are opportunities in population
Opportunities individuals encounter that means they stop before there intended migration destination, eg polish migrants going to ireland may stop in London because there are jobs there
What’s a bendy triangle population pyramid
Stage 1 high birth rates and high death rates low life expectancy
What is a pointy triangle shape population pyramid
Stage 2 high birth rate falling death rate and high population growth
What’s a outwardly rounded population pyramid
Stage 3 falling birth and death rate more people living to be elderly
What’s a population pyramid that is quite rounded with a pointy tip
Stage 4 low birth rate low death rate high life expectancy lots of elderly people
What’s a sort of rounded population pyramid with a bulging top
Stage 5 birth rate drops below death rate and population declines and increasing numbers of elderly people
Whats social welfare like in the inner city
Can be tension between ethic groups due to higher proportion of ethnic minorities. Crime rate high due to higher unemployment levels. Crime rates tend to fall as you mov out of the city
Whats social welfare like in rural aras
Lack of public transport can isolate people and out migration can lead to closure of shops or post offices etc
What’s economic welfare like in the inner city
High levels of unemployment due to industrial decline and higher poverty rates which means often lack of access to services, poor education etc
How has housing been affected by population change or migration
In developed countries most migrants live in inner city hich has cheaper run foen houses.
How does population change and migration affect ethnicity of areas
High numbers of immigrants can change the culture by bringing existing culture. If they Don’t integrate can be segregation.
How can population change or migration affect age structure of areas
Rural areas have ageing populations as young people leave and retired people more there. This changes the provison of schools eg rural schools may have to close
How can population Change or migration affect unemployment
If a lot of people move to an area and there isn’t enough jobs available then unemployment is high. In rural areas people moving away could lead to a lack of workers
What are the four wards of Preston in order of distance from the city centre
Fishwick ashton lea longton
What’s lea like in Preston
On rural urban fringe. Large semidetached and detatched houses mostly on modern estate. Small supermarket and regular bus service to city centre
What’s Fishwick like in Preston
Inner city. High density terraced housing. Very close to city centre which has shops and other facilities
What’s Ashton in Preston like
Suburban area. Terraced housing and semi detached and detatched houses. Over 40 shops and frequent buses to city centre
What’s longton in Preston like
Rural. New housing estates of large detetatched properties with gardens and garages. Longton bypass provides easy access to city centre for commuters. Supermarket (small) and doctors
What’s the general health in Preston like
In 2001 75% people in lea said health was good but only 65% in Fishwick. Could be due to pollution and low quality housing.
What’s crime like in Preston
3x more crimes occur in Fishwick than lea
What’s education like I’m Preston
In Ashton 25% have no qualifications but in Fishwick 45%
