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Population Flashcards

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0
Q

Wats the definition of death rate

A

Number of deaths per 1000 people per year

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1
Q

What’s the definition of birth rate

A

Number of live births per 1000 people per year

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2
Q

What’s the definition of fertility rate

A

The average number of children a woman will have between the ages of 15 and 44

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3
Q

What’s the definition of infant morality rate

A

The number of children out of every 1000 born alive who die before their first birthday

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4
Q

What’s the definition of life expectancy

A

The average age in years a person can be expected to live

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5
Q

What’s the definition of migration rate

A

The difference between the number of people migrating in and the number of people migrating out per 100,000 of the population per year

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6
Q

What’s the definition of population density

A

The number of people per square kilometre. Total population of an area divided by the size of the area.

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7
Q

What’s the definition of natural population change

A

The change in population because of the difference between birth rate and death rate not including changes due to migration

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8
Q

What’s the definition of zero growth rate

A

Where population is neither increasing or decreasing, eg. Birth rate and death rate equal

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9
Q

What does the demographic transition model show

A

How the population of a country changes over time through five stages. Shows birth rate, death rate and total population.

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10
Q

What’s stage 1 of the DTM like?

A

Birth rate and death rate fluctuate at a high level

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11
Q

What’s stage 2 of the DTM like?

A

Death rate falls but birth rate remains high so the population increases rapidly

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12
Q

What’s an example of a country in stage 2 of the DTM

A

Nepal or Afghanistan

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13
Q

What’s stage 3 of the DTM like?

A

Birth rate falls a lot and death rate falls slightly

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14
Q

Give an example of a country in stage 3 of the DTM

A

Egypt

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15
Q

What’s stage 4 of the DTM like?

A

Low birth rate and low death rate, both fluctuate at a low level

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16
Q

What’s a country in stage 4 of the DTM

A

The USA

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17
Q

What’s stage 5 of the DTM like?

A

Birth rate drops below death rate and total population declining

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18
Q

Give an example of a country in stage 5 of the DTM

A

Japan

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19
Q

What are the problems with being in stages 4 to 5 of the DTM

A

Too few children to replace ageing workforce so economy growth slows. Smaller population so less spending so slows economy. Fewer taxpayers so less money for services but also need more to provide for the elderly

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20
Q

What are the problems with being in stage 2-3 of the DTM

A

Can become overpopulated as don’t have the resources eg money and services to cope with the expanding population. Can introduce policies to prevent too much population growth eg china one child policy 1979

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21
Q

What was the uk like in stage 1 of the DTM

A

Total population small, 6 million in 1700. Poor diet and hygiene, wars and diseases caused high death rate. Birth rate also high though.

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22
Q

What was the uk like in stage 2 of the DTM

A

Population grew quickly due to improvements in farming and medicine so disease and starvation reduced. Birth rate was high and rapid economical growth

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23
Q

What was the uk like in stage 3 of the DTM

A

Population still growing, but slower, 47 million by 1941. Birth control improved and was more used so birth rate fell. Death rate fell aside from in ww1 as food supply and medicine improved

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24
Q

What was the uk like in stage 4 of the DTM

A

Population growth slowed down, 56 million by 1981. Death rate low aside from in ww2 and birth rate low aside from the baby boom

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25
Q

What will the uk be like in stage 5 of the DTM

A

Ageing population and by 2040 1/4 of uk will be over 65. Population may begin to decline if birth rate becomes lower than death rate

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26
Q

Why is the DTM useful

A

Can give a generalised idea of how a population can change over time. Easy to compare and can forecast how population is likely to change which allows government to decide on policies eg immigration law or one child whatsit

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27
Q

What are some limitations of the DTM

A

Population in different countries may change differently due to social things, eg catholic church condemns contraception. Original DTM didn’t have stage 5 but it had to be added. Doesn’t take into account migration which has a large effect on population change

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28
Q

What three things may affect a population so it no longer fits the DTM

A

Population policies, infectious disease or civil war

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29
Q

What does the dependency ratio show

A

The proportion of the population that has to be supported by the working population (15-64).

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30
Q

How is the dependency ratio calculated

A

Young (under 15) + old (over 65) divided by the working age population (15-64

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31
Q

What are 4 social impacts of an ageing population non specifically

A

Increased pressure on public services eg hospices. Unequal distribution of older people so areas may not have facilities for younger people eg child are. Reduced population growth or decline. Longer working life as state pension is low due to all the retired people like my dad

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32
Q

What are 3 economic impacts of an ageing population

A

Reduced work force so slower growth. Increased taxes to provide for services and pensions. Good for economy as elderly have savings to spend on knitting equipment and buying their grandchildren presents or something

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33
Q

What are 2 social impacts of a youthful population

A

Increased pressure on public services such as childcare or schools. Rapid population growth which may lead to overpopulation.

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34
Q

What are 2 economic impacts of a youthful population

A

Unemployment as not enough jobs for young people. Increased poverty as more young people born into poverty and aren’t educated as they have to work so can’t break out of poverty

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35
Q

What’s a political impact of an ageing population

A

Elderly issues will be important to voters eg changes to pensions

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36
Q

What’s a political impact of a youthful population

A

Youth issues will be important eg student loans and childcare provision

37
Q

What four things can be done to manage ageing populations

A

Encouraging larger families. Raising retirement age. Encouraging immigration of working age people. Increasing healthcare provision

38
Q

How does encouraging larger families help to manage the ageing population

A

Eg Swedish government give both parents 18 months paid leave. Should result in a larger working population in future which can provide more taxes for better services

39
Q

How does raising the retirement age manage an ageing population

A

Working population larger so more people contribute to pension funds for longer and will claim pension for less time

40
Q

How does increasing the immigration of working age people help a country manage an ageing population

A

I’m recent years Japan increased number of foreign workers as aren’t enough working age Japanese people for aoonthe jobs. This increases the working population which supports the ageing population by paying taxes towards pensions and services

41
Q

How does increasing health care provision help to manage an ageing population

A

Helps to ease the problem of poor health in the elderly as large numbers of older people put pressure on the health care systems

42
Q

What are 4 strategies for managing a youthful population

A

Controlling birth rate. Limiting immigration of younger people. Encouraging use of contraception. Increasing childcare provision.

43
Q

How does controlling birth rates help to manage a youthful population

A

Eg china introduced one child policy in 1979 and this is thought to have prevented 300 million births. Slows further population growth.

44
Q

How does limiting the immigration of younger people help to manage a youthful population

A

Means birth rates aren’t made higher by immigrants having children

45
Q

How does encouraging the use of contraception manage a youthful population

A

Governments can offer free sex ed like that interpretive dance with mr walker. Free contraception.

46
Q

How does increasing childcare provision help to manage a youthful population

A

Countries can invest in making it more accessible so parents can work. Helps to manage some of the problems caused by a youthful population.

47
Q

What is sustainable development

A

Developing to meet the needs of the current population without hindering the ability of people in the future to meet their needs. Involves not damaging the environment or altering it in an irreversible way or depleting all of a resource. Problem is the populations needs all need to be met in a sustainable way.

48
Q

Why does the uk have an ageing population and how many people are old

A

People over 65 will be 25% of population by 2040. Increasing life expectancy. Baby booms in 40s and 60s. Falling birth rate so higher proportion of older people

49
Q

What problems does an ageing population impose on the uk

A

Pressure on pension system - only 60% population are of working age to pay takes for this. More elderly people living in poverty as working population isn’t big enough to afford a higher state pension. Pressure on health service greater.

50
Q

How did increasing the age of retirement in the uk help to combat our ageing population

A

Will be raised to 68 for everyone by 2050. Currently 65 for men and 60 for women. Means people have to work for longer do there’s a larger working population

51
Q

How does encouraging immigration of working class people help the uks ageing population

A

Around 80% immigrants to uk are under 34. Increases size of working population. Unlimited immigration from countries in the eu eg Poland

52
Q

How does the uk government encourage people to have children

A

New uk pension proposals mean women won’t lose out on any of their state pension if thru take career breaks to have children

53
Q

How does increasing retirement age contribute to sustainable development

A

Doesn’t increase the population but more jobs may be needed as people work for longer which may reduce sustainable development unless the jobs come in a sustainable way such as working on wind farms etc

54
Q

How does allowing immigration contribute to sustainable development

A

Only sustainable if needs of new people met in a sustainable way eg increased energy demand could be met by increasing renewable energy sources

55
Q

What’s the population of Uganda like

A

50% population under 15. Youthful population. Only 3% over 65.

56
Q

Why is ugandas population youthful

A

High birth rate of 50 per 1000 people and total fertility rate of 7 children. Low life expectancy of 52 years so proportion made up of young people is high

57
Q

What problems are caused by Ugandas youthful population

A

Pressure on health service, 6000 women die in childbirth each year. Pressure will be even greater when youthful population reach reproductive age. Overpopulation. Unemployment will rise as not enough jobs for everybody and poverty will increase

58
Q

What strategies have Uganda used to manage its youthful population

A

Encouraging use of contraceptives, only 25% of married women use contraceptives. Its free but not very widely available. However birth rate is still increasing so this suggests this hasn’t worked. Should reduce birth rate and help prevent overpopulation from getting worse so country can focus on sustainable development for the current population

59
Q

What are the four zones of an urban area

A

Inner city. Suburb. Rural urban fringe. Rural.

60
Q

What is ethnicity like in the different zones

A

Proportion of ethnic minorities tend to decrease as you move out of the city

61
Q

What is wealth like in the different zones

A

Wealth tends to increase as you move out of the city

62
Q

What’s employment like in the different zones

A

Amount employed in tertiary sector increases as move out of the city

63
Q

What’s provision of services like I’m the inner city

A

Lots of shops and services in city centre

64
Q

What’s provision of services like in the suburbs

A

Some local shopping areas, fairly close to city centre and good avalibility of public transport

65
Q

What’s provison of services like in rural urban fringes

A

Often have out of town shopping complexes or retail parks and recreational facilities such as gold courses

66
Q

What’s provision of services like in rural areas

A

Village shops sometimes and lack of public transport facilities

67
Q

What’s the environmental welfare like in the inner city

A

Old poor quality housing so poor living environment. Vandalism levels highest here. Air pollution due to industrial sites and traffic.

68
Q

What are push factors

A

Things that make people want to move out of the place they’re in. Negative factors about where they’re leaving eg lack of jobs, poor services, fear of persecution or wars

69
Q

What are pull factors

A

They attract people to a new place. Positive factors about the place they’re moving to eg better jobs and more opportunities, better education or services

70
Q

What are obstacles

A

Things that make migration more difficult eg the cost of moving

71
Q

What are opportunities in population

A

Opportunities individuals encounter that means they stop before there intended migration destination, eg polish migrants going to ireland may stop in London because there are jobs there

72
Q

What’s a bendy triangle population pyramid

A

Stage 1 high birth rates and high death rates low life expectancy

73
Q

What is a pointy triangle shape population pyramid

A

Stage 2 high birth rate falling death rate and high population growth

74
Q

What’s a outwardly rounded population pyramid

A

Stage 3 falling birth and death rate more people living to be elderly

75
Q

What’s a population pyramid that is quite rounded with a pointy tip

A

Stage 4 low birth rate low death rate high life expectancy lots of elderly people

76
Q

What’s a sort of rounded population pyramid with a bulging top

A

Stage 5 birth rate drops below death rate and population declines and increasing numbers of elderly people

77
Q

Whats social welfare like in the inner city

A

Can be tension between ethic groups due to higher proportion of ethnic minorities. Crime rate high due to higher unemployment levels. Crime rates tend to fall as you mov out of the city

78
Q

Whats social welfare like in rural aras

A

Lack of public transport can isolate people and out migration can lead to closure of shops or post offices etc

79
Q

What’s economic welfare like in the inner city

A

High levels of unemployment due to industrial decline and higher poverty rates which means often lack of access to services, poor education etc

80
Q

How has housing been affected by population change or migration

A

In developed countries most migrants live in inner city hich has cheaper run foen houses.

81
Q

How does population change and migration affect ethnicity of areas

A

High numbers of immigrants can change the culture by bringing existing culture. If they Don’t integrate can be segregation.

82
Q

How can population change or migration affect age structure of areas

A

Rural areas have ageing populations as young people leave and retired people more there. This changes the provison of schools eg rural schools may have to close

83
Q

How can population Change or migration affect unemployment

A

If a lot of people move to an area and there isn’t enough jobs available then unemployment is high. In rural areas people moving away could lead to a lack of workers

84
Q

What are the four wards of Preston in order of distance from the city centre

A

Fishwick ashton lea longton

85
Q

What’s lea like in Preston

A

On rural urban fringe. Large semidetached and detatched houses mostly on modern estate. Small supermarket and regular bus service to city centre

86
Q

What’s Fishwick like in Preston

A

Inner city. High density terraced housing. Very close to city centre which has shops and other facilities

87
Q

What’s Ashton in Preston like

A

Suburban area. Terraced housing and semi detached and detatched houses. Over 40 shops and frequent buses to city centre

88
Q

What’s longton in Preston like

A

Rural. New housing estates of large detetatched properties with gardens and garages. Longton bypass provides easy access to city centre for commuters. Supermarket (small) and doctors

89
Q

What’s the general health in Preston like

A

In 2001 75% people in lea said health was good but only 65% in Fishwick. Could be due to pollution and low quality housing.

90
Q

What’s crime like in Preston

A

3x more crimes occur in Fishwick than lea

91
Q

What’s education like I’m Preston

A

In Ashton 25% have no qualifications but in Fishwick 45%

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