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Health Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the HLE (healthy life expectancy)

A

Number of yeas a newborn child can be expected to live in full health, without major disease

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1
Q

What is the definition of health?

A

Physical, mental and social well being with the absence of disease

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2
Q

What is morbidity

A

Illness

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3
Q

What is mortality

A

Death

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4
Q

What is prevelance

A

The total number of cases in a population over a given time

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5
Q

What is incidence

A

Number of new cases in a population over a particular time period

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6
Q

What are the 6 reasons for high morbidity of infectious diseases in poor countries

A

Malnutrition reduces effectiveness of the immune system. Poor sanitation and overcrowding increase spread. Poor healthcare access. Little health education. Disease vectors more common due to climate (eg Mosquitos in Africa)

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7
Q

What are the 2 reasons for high morbidity of non communicable disease in wealthier countries

A

More older people due to higher life expectancy so more likely to get degenerative diseases. Unhealthy lifestyle choices such as smoking and obesity

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8
Q

What is the mortality rate

A

How many people in a given population die over a period of time

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9
Q

What are two reasons that the risk of dying from diseases greater in poorer countries

A

Malnutrition so weakened immune system. Limited access to healthcare.

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10
Q

Why is disease a global issue

A

Because diseases can easily spread to other countries, eg if people travel

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11
Q

What do WHO do

A

Work with governments to eradicate and prevent disease, eg vaccinations in poor countries against polio

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12
Q

Why is it often difficult to improve healthcare in poorer countries

A

Lack of funding, remote populations, health spending is low. High prevelance of disease so funding spend on treatment rather than prevention or education

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13
Q

What is the impact of foreign aid to improve the health of poorer countries

A

It helps to improve the healthcare system but longer term solutions are needed to allow the country to be self reliant

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14
Q

How can the issue of health in remote populations in poorer countries be combated

A

Training locals in basic healthcare and employing them to provide health services to their local communities

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15
Q

What are the advantages and one disadvantage of training locals in basic healthcare

A

Relatively inexpensive. Creates jobs for locals. Increases self reliance. Can’t replace fully trained medical professionals.

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16
Q

Background to the case study for health approaches in a poor country

A

Ethiopia in eastern Africa. Life expectancy is 52, infant mortality rate is 8%. Poor nutrition, sanitation and access to healthcare

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17
Q

How does foreign aid help in ethiopia

A

Improves health and sanitation. Some money spent on prevention eg vaccines and contraceptives

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18
Q

Wat is the approach to training locals in Ethiopia

A

Health extension programme funded by foreign aid

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19
Q

How is money used in Ethiopia to prevent diseases

A

Eg since 2005 millions of insecticide treated bed nets have been given out, and in the first year of this malaria cases fell by 20%

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20
Q

What is a key barrier to improving health in wealthier countries

A

People ignoring advice on lifestyle changes that would reduce their chance of developing diseases.

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21
Q

What are 4 measures for reducing disease in wealthier countries

A

Vaccinations eg mmr. Health awareness campaigns. Support to improve health eg stop smoking. Early diagnosis eg cancer screenings

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22
Q

What’s the background to the case study for approaches to health in a wealthier country

A

England, UK. 3000 women a year diagnosed with cervical cancer and 99% caused by HPV virus

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23
Q

What are the solutions to the case study of health in the UK

A

HPV vaccine now offered to all females aged 12-13. Cervical screening offered to all women over 25. Death rates from cervical cancer decreased 70% since this began.

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24
Q

What is the cost of disease in terms of health

A

Increased poor health, potential permanent disability or death

25
Q

What is the cost of disease in terms of economic development

A

Slower development due to increasing death rates so less taxes. Decrease in productivity due to time off work. Increasing health care costs.

26
Q

What is the cost of disease in terms of lifestyle

A

Increased poverty as people can’t work, impaired education due to teachers or students being too I’ll to attend school.

27
Q

Tell me some stuff about malaria

A

Infectious disease caused by parasites and transmitted by mosquitoes. Can be treated with drugs but life threatening if left untreated.

28
Q

What’s the distribution of morbidity of malaria and reasons why

A

86% cases in Africa. In 2006 there were 250 million global cases. Climate limited education and poor healthcare

29
Q

Whats the distribution of mortality from malaria and what are the reasons for this

A

91% malaria deaths occur in sub Saharan Africa. Poor nutrition so reduced immune system. Poor healthcare. Drugs too expensive or not available.

30
Q

What is the morbidity like from HIV and aids and why

A

66% of the global population with HIV or aids are in Africa, as are 90% of the children. Limited diagnosis, social boundaries to contraception

31
Q

What is the distribution of mortality from HIV and aids and what are the reasons for this

A

70% global malaria deaths occur in Africa. High incidence of morbidity of HIV and other diseases which can be fatal with the reduced immune system. Antiretroviral drugs aren’t available or affordable. Poor Hygiene increases risk of infectious diseases

32
Q

What is the distribution of morbidity from chd and why

A

Most common in wealthy countries such as the uk and USA due to ageing populations and lifestyle factors.

33
Q

Why are cases of chd increasing in poorer countries

A

Increasing wealth, life expectancy and people are adopting a more westernised lifestyle

34
Q

What’s mortality like from chd

A

Caused 14% of global deaths in 1997

35
Q

Why are death rates from chd falling

A

Awareness campaigns, diagnosis of those at risk, developing effective treatments

36
Q

Tell me some things about cancer

A

It’s bad (knew you’d say this!) risk reduced by lifestyle changes. Most common is prostate, breast and colon. Caused 13% global deaths in 2007. Death rates falling due to better diagnosis, treatment and awareness of lifestyle factors.

37
Q

Why is cancer being more common in LEDCs

A

Increased life expectancy and adoption of a more westernised lifestyle

38
Q

How does the way tncs treat employees effect health

A

Safety standards, fair wages so can afford healthcare, do they provide healthcare? Namdeb diamond corporation provide HIV positive employees with drug treatment and runs awareness campaigns

39
Q

How does marketing affect health tncs

A

Restrictions such as for tobacco and fast food. Concerns that marketing fast food to children could lead to long term unhealthy eating and onesity

40
Q

How do prices affect health tncs

A

Eg tobacco and medicine. Many African countries rely on overseas governments to subsidise drugs as they can’t afford them

41
Q

How does research affect health tncs

A

Kraft foods developing a new food that kills intestinal worms. Marketed at rural africa and rural Asia

42
Q

How does research and production of pharmaceutical companies affect health

A

More money in wealthier countries so may develop drugs for diseases here as more profit. Some companies use profits to subsidise drugs for poorer countries

43
Q

How does the pharmaceutical companies distribution and sales affect health

A

Drugs are expensive to research and develop so need to profit from sales. Companies have exclusive rights so can set prices

44
Q

How does Glaxosmithkline handle research and production

A

4 billion packs of medicine each year. 1/4 of worlds vaccines. Drugs for chd and polio so for both rich and poor

45
Q

How does Glaxosmithkline handle distribution and sales

A

Donated 750 million tablets to treat people with elephantiasis. Invests 5% of profits to community health programmes to help those in need.

46
Q

Facts about smoking

A

1/3 global population over 15 smokes and 80% smokers live in poorer countries

47
Q

What do WHO do about tobacco companies and what are they concerned about

A

They restrict advertising, packaging and age limits. Concerned that tobacco companies target countries without these restrictions and exploit their lack of knowledge

48
Q

How does Philip Morris international handle research and production

A

In 2005 sold 800 billion cigarettes. Does research less harmful cigarettes.

49
Q

How does pmi handle distribution and sales

A

Sticks to regulation in countries that have them. Has a responsible marketing policy and has health warnings on packaging

50
Q

What’s the basic pattern for health in the uk

A

There’s a north south divide, worse in the north

51
Q

What are the 6 things that affect health in the uk

A

Income. Age structure. Occupation. Education. Environment. Gender.

52
Q

How does income affect health in the uk

A

Better access in richer areas due to inverse care law. More educated about health issues

53
Q

How does age structure affect health in the uk

A

Older people more likely to get age related diseases and there’s more older people in rural areas because they like birdwatching or something. More older people means less taxes so less money to spend on healthcare services.

54
Q

How does occupation affect health in the uk

A

Manual labourers are 3x more likely to suffer from poor health. However, more mental health issues for those in non manual jobs.

55
Q

How does education affect health in the uk

A

Better educated more likely to choose healthier lifestyle. In north people generally have less qualifications.

56
Q

How does environment affect health in the uk

A

Cities are more polluted so contributes to poor health due to air quality

57
Q

How does gender contribute to health in the uk

A

Women live longer but are twice as likely to suffer from chronic illnesses

58
Q

What are 4 healthcare provisions in the uk due to ageing

A

Specialised wards. Increased screening for age related illnesses. Residential care homes. Mobile health services

59
Q

Where is your case study for health in the uk and say a fact

A

South west England. 20% over 60 and increasing.

60
Q

What’s the provision of healthcare like in south west England and what does the government do

A

Prostate cancer rates 14% above uk average. More careers needed so 10% work in health sector. 14% care homes in England in south west. Government aims to reduce number of people on low income here so gives people over 60 a heating allowance

Geography (5 decks)

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