Population Flashcards
Define population density
The amount of people in a given area per km2
Define population distribution
The spread of population across a given area
Define population change
The increase/decrease of population in a given area
How do you find out the natural increase?
Subtract the crude death rate from the crude birth rate . It is expressed as a percentage.
Define doubling time and how do you calculate it?
The number of years needed for a population to double in size. It is found by dividing 70 years by the rate of natural increase (in %). It is expressed in years.
Define population momentum
the continued growth of a population even after fertility rates are down to replacement level.
Define population projections
Predictions about future population based on trends in fertility, mortality and migration.
Define voluntary migration
When an individual makes the decision to move area to improve their living standards.
Define forced migration
This is a person who has been forced to flee their home area.
What is a refugee?
Migrants who are forced to leave their home countries and cross international borders to seek refuge.
What is an illegal immigrant?
This is an individual that has moved to a country in which they are not legally allowed to be. They may have had an application for residence rejected, or may not have even applied for residence in the first instance.
What is an asylum seeker?
People who are forced out of their country or origin for protection purposes in another country. They become a refugee once they have granted permission from the government to stay there.
What are Internally displaced persons?
Groups of people being forced to flee their home suddenly in large numbers because of armed conflict, internal strife, systematic violations of human rights or natural or man-made disasters and who are within the territory of their own country.
What are development displacees?
People who are compelled to move because of policies and projects that encourage development. E.g. three gorges dam.
What are environmental and disaster displacees?
A person who is forced to migrate due to a significant environmental disruption. They feel that if they do not move the end result may be death.
What are smuggled people?
People who are moved illegally for profit. They may include those who have been forcibly displaced as well as those who have left their homes in search of a better standard of living.
What are trafficked people?
People moved by deception or coercion for the purpose of exploitation and profit.
What are newly industrializing countries? (NICs)
countries that have gone through a quick industrial social and economic growth in the past.
Give two examples of countries that are NICs
South Korea and Taiwan
What are recently industrializing countries? (RICs)
countries that have started to follow the same direction as other NICs but have done so much more recently.
Give one example of a country that is a RIC
Chile
What are oil rich countries?
These countries are wealthy in terms of GNP per person. if the country didn’t have oil they possibly could be considered LEDCs.
Give two examples of oil rich countries.
Saudi Arabia and Libya.
What are LEDCs?
These kinds of countries have a lower stage of development and a low quality of life. There are two subdivisions: middle income and low income LEDCs that are now called LICs. GNI > $1,000
What are the smaller categories in NICs? (emerging economies)
BRICS - Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
MINT - Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey
CIVETS - Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey, South Africa
Next Eleven - Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, Turkey, South Korea, Vietnam
CPEs - centrally planned economies such as North Korea (socialist with a strict government control and no free speech)
What are MEDCs?
These countries have a high standard of living and also the most developed countries. Commonly referred to as HICs.
What are first world countries? Give examples.
Also known as MEDCs or HICs. E.g. Western Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand, Japan.
What are second world countries?
State controlled communist countries such as the former Soviet Union.
What are third world countries?
Also known as LIDCs or LICs. E.g. countries in Africa and South America.
What are the seven factors affecting fertility?
1) Economic Prosperity
2) Location
3) Status of women
4) Need for children
5) Health of mother
6) Education
7) Religion
Define GDP (gross domestic product)
the total value of goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.
Define GNI (Gross national income)
the total value of goods and services produced within a country, plus income and payments from abroad (e.g. remittances).
Process of Salinization
Occurs when groundwater levels are close to the surface. in clay soils this may be within 3 m of the surface. in sand/silty soils it is less. capillary forces bring water to the surface where it is evaporated leaving behind any soluble salts that it is carrying, leading to the development of saline crusts.
Process of Eturophication
the increased amounts of nitrogen and phosphorous that is carried in streams, lakes and groundwater causing nutrient enrichment. this leads to an increase in algal bloom which shades the water below, cutting off light levels for submerged plants which makes photosynthesis hard to carry out. Anoxia also occurs.
Define Total fertility rate
The average number of babies a woman is expected to have in her life-time.
