Population

Question 1

what does the dtm model explain

Answer 1

birth and death rate patterns across the world and through time

Question 2

what does the dtm model include

Answer 2

the main period of a country’s development and it shows the links between demographic and economic changes

Question 3

what is stage 1

Answer 3

high fluctuating stage occurs in societies where there is little medicine, low life expectancy and no means of birth control. remote rainforests of amazonia and indonesia are the only locations where this stage might happen today

Question 4

what is stage 2

Answer 4

there is a decrease in death rate than stage 1. improvements in medicine in hygiene cure some diseases and prevent others. life expectancy increases and the gap between birth rate and death rate creates population growth. children need to work the land as they can produce more food than required to eat. this keeps birth rates high. fewer mothers die during child birth

Question 5

what is stage 3

Answer 5

death rate continues to fall but more slowly. the start of stage 3 there is a decrease in birth rate, due to availability of birth control and economic changes, so people can benefit from smaller families. children become more of an economic cost - they cost the family money rather than earning it. children have to go to school and do not work.

Question 6

what is stage 4

Answer 6

birth and death rate are low. birth rate depends on economic situation. called the low fluctuating stage. economy is growing and people have jobs and earn a good living - more likely to afford children. people tend to postpone having children until economically and financially stable.

Question 7

what is stage 5

Answer 7

many eastern and a few western european countries are at stage 5. UK remains at stage 4. death rate rises because there are more elderly people. an uncertain economy discourages many women from having babies, and in western europe there are career opportunities for women so many postpone motherhood or decide to be childless

Question 8

example of stage 1

Answer 8

traditional rainforest tribes in indonesia, brazil and equador
- small numbers of people live separately with little contact with the outside world. retain high birth and death rates

Question 9

example of stage 2

Answer 9

afghanistan

• is a poor country with political instability
• one of the world’s highest birth rates and a much lower death rate
• have many nomadic farmers so need children to help with livestock

Question 10

example of stage 3

Answer 10

brazil

• newly industrialising country.
• developing fast economically
• population doubled between 1975 and 2015
• roman catholic country so high birth rate but rapidly improving standards of living so people see benefits of having fewer children

Question 11

example of stage 4

Answer 11

usa

• largest and most developed country
• immigration increases population

Question 12

example of stage 5

Answer 12

germany

• women achieving high powered positions at work and there is an ageing population
• birth rate is well below replacement rate (birth rate high enough for a generation to be the same size as the one before it)
• costs of a large elderly population and declining work force

Question 13

characteristics of stage 1

Answer 13

• high death rate and birth rate
• both fluctuate because of disease famine war
• population fairly stable

Question 14

characteristics of stage 2

Answer 14

• death rate decreases
• birth rate remains high
• population grows

Question 15

characteristics of stage 3

Answer 15

• birth rate rapidly drops
• death rate continues to decrease but more slowly
• population grows but not as fast

Question 16

characteristics of stage 4

Answer 16

• low birth rate
• low death rate
• birth rate tends to fluctuate depending on economic situation

Question 17

characteristics of stage 5

Answer 17

• birth rate below death rate
• death rate increased due to slightly aging population
• total population starts to decrease

Question 18

issues of an ageing population - health

Answer 18

• demand for health care increases due to more illness in old age
• visit gp more often
• more hospital appointments and more time in hospital
• gov has to find more funding to support older people which comes from taxation of present workers

Question 19

issues of an ageing population - social services

Answer 19

• need nursing homes day care centres and people to help at home
• these special needs put financial pressure on a country

Question 20

issues of an ageing population - pensions crisis

Answer 20

• life expectancy higher in developed countries
• in wealthy countries people expect to retire and have a pension
• there are more elderly people and the proportion of working people is decreasing so txes pay for this
• pension starts age 65

Question 21

france tackling ageing population

Answer 21

• strong pro-natal policy so encouraging to have children

- produces a more favourable age structure and dependency ratio

Question 22

what is a dependency ratio

Answer 22

balance between people who are independent and those who depend on them.
number of dependent / number of independent x 100

Question 23

incentives given to french people to have children

Answer 23

• three years of paid parental leave, can be used by either parent
• full time schooling starts age 3 funded by government
• day care for younger children is subsidised by government
• the more children a woman has the earlier she can retire

Question 24

what can migrant workers do

Answer 24

send money back to their country of origin to help their families

Question 25

what effect does sending money have on the host economy

Answer 25

the money leaves the original country but the country of origin can benefit enormously

Question 26

why is finding accommodation difficult for migrants in the UK

Answer 26

some have been helped by social services and this causes resentment from UK citizens who feel theyre being treated like second class citizens in their own country. demand for housing has grown immensely in the UK during the early 21st century, fuelled by high levels of migration. the demand for housing is greater than supply, property price rose quickly in the early 2000s and immigration has contributed to this

Question 27

how does migration bring labour and skills

Answer 27

most migrants are more successful than they would’ve been at home, although some are less fortunate. exploitation does happen and not everyone earn as much as they had expected.

Question 28

how can too many migrants be a burden

Answer 28

schools taking many immigrant children may be under pressure. British parents sometimes feel this reduces opportunities for their own children because teachers are too busy with those who’s first language is not English. on the other hand cultural mixing is seen as positive as long as prejudice doesnt become a problem

Question 29

two categories of migrants within the EU:

Answer 29

those moving between countries and those beyond the borders

Question 30

how many eastern european migrants did the uk receive between 2004 and 2006

Answer 30

600,000

Question 31

who were the largest group

Answer 31

Polish (447,000)

Question 32

poles in the uk earn how many times more as much as they would at home

Answer 32

5x