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Population Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain factors which influence fertility rates?

A

Demographic - infant mortality rate + breed to compensate
Cultural - tradition, literacy, female education, religion
Economic - children (asset/burden), financial incentives pop policy, female employment
Political - population policy (pro nationalist or anti nationalist), female empowerment

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2
Q

Define death rate?

A

Number of deaths per 1000 per year

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3
Q

Why is it easy for governments to decrease death rate?

A

INVESTMENT:

Sanitation
Water supply
Healthcare

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4
Q

Why is it hard for governments to decrease the birth rate?

A

INDIRECT WORK TO INFLUENCE:

People’s choices
People’s values
people’s attitudes to family size

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5
Q

Explain why countries may want to increase the fertility rate?

A

Population decrease (TFR below replacement level)
Concerns about the need to support ageing population
Lack of labour (inability to fill jobs) need for more economically active people
Concerns about immigration and national identity

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6
Q

Define carrying capacity?

A

Largest number of people That can be supported

By the resources of a given environment

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7
Q

State the physical cause of food shortages?

A

Drought
Flood
Pests
Soil exhaustion

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8
Q

State the social/cultural cause of food shortages?

A

Rapid population increase

Low farming skills

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9
Q

State the economic cause of food shortages?

A

Lack of investment
Indebtedness
Cash crops (cash for export instead of food)
Transport issues

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10
Q

State the political causes of food shortages?

A

Government policy
Poor governance
Conflict / war

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11
Q

When might population exceed carrying capacity?

A

POPULATION INCREASE

Net migration
Birth rate exceeds death rate
Resources fail e.g. Poor harvest
Exhausted resources

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12
Q

How can countries avoid overpopulation?

A 
Increased female education
Promoting birth control
Delaying marriage
Encouraging our migration
Reduce economic or cultural reasons for high birth rate
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13
Q

Define dependency ratio?

A

Working population vs non working population (under 16 and over 65)

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14
Q

Why might dependency ration increase?

A

Ageing population- people live loner
High birth rate - youthful population
Decrease in working population - e.g. War or outmigration

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15
Q

Disadvantages of increased elderly dependents?

A 
Cost of pensions, hospitals (tax rise)
Need for specialist housing
Impact on other elements of population ("fossilisation of job market")
Change in consumer patterns
Conservative population
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16
Q

How can you reduce the negative effect of ageing population?

A

Raise retirement

Alter pension arrangements

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17
Q

List the factors affecting mortality?

A 
Access to food
Age distribution
Gender
Literacy 
Occupation 
Income 
Medical facilities
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18
Q

Examples of diseases in HICs?

A

Coronary heart disease
Alzheimer’s
Lung cancer
Stroke

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19
Q

Examples of disease in LICS?

A

Influenza + pneumonia
Diarrhoea disease
Malnutrition
Malaria

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20
Q

In the DTM, describe why the death rate would be high at the beginning?

A

Famine
Disease
War

High infant mortality
Low life expectancy

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21
Q

In the DTM, describe why the birth rate would be high at the beginning?

A

Lack of contraception

High fertility rate as family’s compensate for high infant mortality

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22
Q

In the DTM, describe why the death rate drops in stage 2?

A 
Access to healthcare (penicillin vaccines)
Better nutrition
Clean water supply
Efficient sewage systems
Medical advances
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23
Q

In the DTM, describe why the birth rate remains high in stage 2?

A

Social trends take a generation to change

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24
Q

Describe why birth rate falls in stage 3?

A

Parents choose smaller families
Economic BURDEN now
Changing role of women (education delaying childbirth)
Contraception widely available e.g. Bangladesh advising on family planning

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25
Q

What is the sex ratio?

A

The demographic concept that measures the proportion of males to females in a given population

Measures as the number of males per 100 females

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26
Q

What factors affect a country’s arguing capacityv

A

Arable land (fertile soil)
Political stability (low corruption and stable)
Terrain (mountainous environments restrict carrying capacity)
Climate (extreme are harder to grow crops, less avalible water) e.g. Sahara
Technology (minimise environmental damage and create jobs)

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27
Q

What would happen if carrying capacity was exceeded?

A 
Deforestation
FAmine
Drought
Water shortages
Congestion 
Water pollution 
Housing shortages
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28
Q

Malthus quote?

A

“Population when unchecked increases in a geometrical ratio”

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29
Q

Sum up what Boserup believed?

A

That people are the ultimate resource - through innovation humans can respond to increased population

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30
Q

Boserup quote?

A

“Necessity is the mother of invention”

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31
Q

Sum up Malthus theory on population?

A

Essay on the principle of population

Good is necessary to life of man and therefore exercises a strong check on population

eventually population outstrips food supply and a catastrophe in the form of famine disease or war

Population increases geometrically (1,2,4,8,16)
Food production increases arithmetically (1,2,3,4,5)

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32
Q

What is the green revolution?

A

A period when the productivity of agriculture rapidly increased

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33
Q

Examples of countries in stage 1 of the DTM?

A

Rural Bangladesh

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34
Q

Example of countries in stage 2 of the DTM?

A

Sri Lanka

Perup

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35
Q

Example of countries in stage 3 of the DTM?

A

Chile

China

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36
Q

Example of countries in stage 4 of the DTM?

A

Australia

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37
Q

Example of countries in stage 5 of the DTM?

A

Italy

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38
Q

Why is infant mortality rate a good indicator?

A

Infant mortality rates vary throughout countries - increase as development occurs

Indicates level of healthcare, levels of doctors or nurses, amounts of food, appropriate food, living conditions, exposure to infectious diseases

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39
Q

Describe the factors that may influence death rate?

A 
Age structure 
Health and nutrition
Urbanisation
Level of economic development
Gender
Wars
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40
Q

Describe how age structure can influence death rate?

A

When a high proportion of the population is old, the death rate is higher because old people are more likely to die than young people

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41
Q

Describe how gender can influence mortality rate?

With fact

A

Gender - women generally live longer

In the US life expectancy is 81.3% while for males it’s 76.6 %

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42
Q

Describe how health and nutrition can influence death rate?

A

Improved agriculture
Avalibilitu of food aid
Growth of medical services

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43
Q

Describe how level of economic development influences death rate?

A

As countries develop a higher population of people go to live in cities

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44
Q

Social influences on fertility?

A

Immigration - high fertility, large families
Age structure - fertile age (working age)
Sex ratios - more boys than girls e.g. China birth rate is depressed
Religion - Catholicism oppose the use of contraception
War - families delay having children during a war and wait until the war ends

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45
Q

How do economic factors influence birth rate and fertility?

A

Breed to compensate
Urbanisation - lower in cities ans children are harder to support, family planning more easily avalible
Education - lower birth rates as raise status of women (paid jobs, contraception)

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46
Q

What is the rate of natural increase?

A

The difference between the crude birth rate and crude death rate

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47
Q

How do you work out dependency ratio?

A

Number of dependents
/
Number of non dependents

Times 100

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48
Q

Issues with a young population?

A

Higher proportion.of country’s income has to spent on pre and post natal care and on schools
Women are less likely to have paid employment because they are looking after children

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49
Q

Issues with an old population?

A

Higher proportion of income has to be spent on healthcare, welfare services and pensions
Pressure to raise retirement age
Buildings need to be adapted
Health issue (heart disease, cancer Alzheimer’s)

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50
Q

Why is dependency ratio inaccurate?

A

Doesn’t take into account unemployed
Choose not to work
Choose to work after 64

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51
Q

What is dependency ratio a useful burden of?

A

Burden of support that is likely to fall on economically active people

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52
Q

Symptoms of overpopulation?

A

Population growth
Average standard of living or quality of life declines
Food shortages
Water shortages
Congestion
Environmental deterioration (soil erosion, air pollution, deforestation, declining fish stocks, species extinction)

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53
Q

What is under population?

A

A situation where the population is at too low a level to make full use of the resources it possesses

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54
Q

What is optimum population?

A

Theoretical state where any increase or decrease in population might lead to a lower standard of living or lower quality of life

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55
Q

Describe the green revolution?

A

Norman Borlaug developed high yielding varieties of wheat suited to hot climate

Doubled wheat production in Indian in the late 1960s

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56
Q

Example of positive economic impacts of having an aging population?

A

Specialist pensioner service SAFA

2.1 million customers bought insurance holidays finance

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57
Q

Examples of jobs due to pensioners?

A 
Undertakers
Hair dressers (cut hair residents)
Gardeners (maintain care home)
Construction (build care homes)
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58
Q

Dealing with ageing population?

A

Raising retirement age to 67 TESCO

scrapped retirement age after entire store of Cheshire was staffed with over 50s - B+Q

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59
Q

Fact about an ageing population?

A

23% of Japanese population over 65

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60
Q

Famine case study in South Sudan?

A

1/3 severely food and nutrition insecure
80% increase from 2014
30,000 facing starvation and death
5 million with food insecurity

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61
Q

Economic or political factors that have contributed to famine in the Sudan?

A

High dependency on farming (70% of labour force)
Dependency on food imports (13% of consumption 1998-2000)
Conflict in Dafar reduced food production and distribution

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62
Q

Physical factors that have contributed to famine in the Sudan?

A

Long term decline in rainfall in South Sudan
Flooding
Increased use of marginal land - degradation

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63
Q

Social factors that have contributed to famine in the Sudan?

A

High female illiteracy (65%)
Increase AIDS threat
High population growth (3%) use of marginal land overgrazing

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64
Q

Outline the basic successes of China’s one child policy?

A

Reduced population growth
Better health care for women
Increased savings rate

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65
Q

Describe chinas one child policy has resulted in reduced population growth?

A

300-400 million fewer people in 2008 than otherwise (Chinese government)
Reduced TFR from 3 births per women (1980) to 1.8 births per woman (2008)

Thus reduced problems of epidemics, slums, overwhelmed services (health, education law enforcement), stain on ecosytsems and environment (abuse of fertile land, high volume of waste)

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66
Q

Describe how chinas one child policy has resulted in better health care?

A

Reduced risk of death and injury associated with pregnancy
Free contraception
Free pre natal classes
Care for girls program: aim of eliminating cultural discrimination through subsidies and education

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67
Q

Describe how chinas one child policy has resulted in an increased savings rate?

A

Chinese households have more money to invest as they expend fewer resources (time and money)
Young Chinese can no longer rely on children to look after them in old age so are printed to save money in future

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68
Q

List the issues that have resulted from one child policy?

A 
Suicide
Long late few 
Human rights
Gender imbalance
4-2-1 problem
Social problems of an only child
Unequal enforcement
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69
Q

Explain how chinas one child policy has resulted in a gender imbalance?

A

Strong cultural preference for boys
Increased female infantilise
Prenatal ultrasound imaging: female foetuses aborted in favour of male

Rurally, boys viewed as “helpful in farm work” whilst women are passive
Women part of mans family in marriage - family don’t recieve financial support in retirement
Worsens 4-2-1 effect

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70
Q

Demonstrate the gender imbalance in china due to the one child policy?

A

In 2010, 119 males for 100 girls

Men buy or bid for brides (increased social inequality as woman are objectified)

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71
Q

Explain how chinas one child policy has resulted in human rights issues?

A

Enforcement of policy: bribery, forced abortion, infanticide, coercion
Impose policy through “beatings kidnappings and killings committed by family planning officials”
Chinese government permits “remedial measures”

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72
Q

Demonstrate how chinas one child policy has resulted in a gender imbalance?

A

In 2001, more than 20,000 abortions in Guangdong Procince
Women aborted as far along as 8.5 months being forced to abort by saline solution and foetus being killed in birth canal or immediately after birth

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73
Q

Describe chinas eugenic policy?

A

If one spouse has an “unsatisfactory” physical or mental condition from dyslexia to schizophrenia are banned from marriage
In order to “improve the quality of the Chinese population”
Reminiscent of the “master race” in Nazism

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74
Q

Facts that demonstrate the 4-2-1 problem?

A

194m (14.3% of population) over age of 60 in 2020

Very large dependency ratio

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75
Q

Factors other than contraception that influence fertility rate?

A

Demographic - infant mortality or breed to compensate
Cultural - tradition, female literacy, religion
Economic - children (asset/burden), female employment, financial incentives
Political - population policy, empowerment of women

76
Q

Explain recent increases in mortality rates in some LEDCs and MEDCs?

A

Implications of ageing population
Smoking (link to cardiovascular problems and cancers)
Obesity (wide health implications)
HIV AIDS
Catastrophic events (famine war earthquakes - combined)

77
Q

Why are TFRs lower in MEDCs?

A

Social and economic change brings new attitudes towards children
role of women (women working)
Expense or child rearing
Ease of access to low cost contraception

78
Q

Why are TFRs higher in LEDCs?

A 
Economic neccessity (need for labour)
Role of women
Lack of easy and affordable access to family planning and contraception
Cultural norm 
Religion
79
Q

How can people respond when an area has reached its carrying capacity?

A

Increase out migration
Agricultural innovation
Agricultural intensification

80
Q

Constraints on increasing food production in LEDCs?

A

Human - lack of funding
Inability to transport as lack of infrastructure
War and conflict
Trade barriers

Climactic and environmental hazards
Climate change

81
Q

Explain how food shortages may be reduced?

A

Improving the balance between population and food supply. Reducing population growth (anti nationalist policy or increasing food production)
Technology and innovation may help increase food production
Green revolution (HYVs machinery fertilisers pesticides herbicides irrigation water control) GM crops, biological pest control, low cost or appropriate technology
Innovation in food processing and storage

82
Q

Consequences of population outstripping resources?

A

Population collapse (Malthus)
Famine disease water
Resources may develop so raise the ceiling for population
Outmigration or rationing

83
Q

Explain how countries might delay or avoid reaching or avoid population outstripping resources?

A

Birth control
Delayed marriage
Encouraging out migration
Increased female education

Intensify farming
Industrialise 
Find new sresources for power
Improve transport to better supply resources 
Ration resources
84
Q

Why might dependency ratio increase over time?

A

Ageing population as people live longer
A high birth rate, due to a youthful population
Working population decrease due to e.g. Outmigration of increased death rate e.g. War

85
Q

Describe the role of push and pull factors in migration?

A

Push are perceived disadvantages of the origin
Pull perceived advantages of destination
Push factors are highly directional
Pull factors offer a range of destinations
Push factors stronger motivators to moves

86
Q

Why is infant mortality very low in MEDC?

A

Healthcare
Nutrition
Information
Immunisation

87
Q

Why does education of women reduce fertility rate?

A

Women’s literacy and awareness improve - understand themselves and contraception better

Empowered - choose to space children and have fewer as they can see the advantage of having a small family

Aspiration and opportunity - employment or career limit the time women can give to child raising

Increased affluence and changing role of women - no longer subservient to husband

88
Q

Define intra urban migration?

A

Permenant movement of people within an urban area that are not commuting

89
Q

Social reasons for declining fertility rates?

A

Greater literacy
Higher educational attainment
Modernisation of society and weakness of tradition
Shift in norms
Ageing population and migration of younger people

90
Q

Economic reasons for declining fertility rates?

A

Cost of child raising
Opportunity cost
Women’s employment
Investment in healthcare means higher survival rates

91
Q

Political reasons for decreasing fertility rates?

A

Government role in education
Family planning campaign
Financial incentives

92
Q

Define fertility rate?

A

Number of children born to a woman
If she was to live to the end of her child bearing Years
And bore children to the end

93
Q

Economic development and death rates?

A 
Food supply
Education 
Income
Health service
Better transport

Increase by
Obesity
Alcohol
Stress

94
Q

Explain how technology can help reduce food shortages?

A 
Green revolution:
Machinery
Fertilisers
Pesticides
Herbicides
Irrigation
Water control

GM crops

New transport and food storage systems

95
Q

Why are birth rates higher in LEDC than in MEDC?

A

LEDC: high BR due to economic neccesity (labour)
Role of women
Lack of access to family planning
Religion or cultural norms
High percentage of child bearing age group (breeding to compensate)

MEDC: low BR due to social and economic change new children norms
Role of women
Expense of child raising
Ease of access to and low cost of contraception
Ageing population

96
Q

Define optimum population?

A

Number of people
That with existing technology and resources
Produces the highest average standard of living

97
Q

Why is optimum population difficult to achieve?

A

Population resource relationship is dynamic and complex - population numbers change constantly, technology improves and resources deplet
Not a fixed number and changes - difficult to establish if achieved as it is difficult to measure

98
Q

Human causes of food shortages?

A 
Rapid population growth or in migration 
Conflict (leaving farmland)
Land damaged 
Land not farmed efficicencly
Lack of access to food that may not be in actual short supply (poor food storage and distribution systems)
99
Q

explain how variations in birth rate can affect population change?

A

higher birth rate leads to an increase in population

provided the birth rate remains above the death rate

100
Q

Describe and explain the economic factors that can influence birth rates?

A

level of family income
economic cost or benefit of children

nationally: family planning avalibility,
education level of women, medical care

101
Q

why might population level off as it reaches its carrying capacity?

A

natural checks e.g. overcrowdinglesding to disease
inadequate food supply
limited water supply

102
Q

what is underpopulation?

A

when the environment has the potential to support a greater population than it currently does

103
Q

Crude birth rate

A

The number of live births per 1000 population in a given year

104
Q

what is a big influence on crude birth rate?

A

age structure

105
Q

what is the total fertility rate?

A

The average number of children that would be born alive to a woman or group of women during her lifetime, if she were to pass through her child-bearing years conforming to the age specific fertility rates of a given year

global average is 2.5

106
Q

replacement level fertility?

A

the level at which those in each generation have just enough children to replace themselves in the population

TFR of 2.1 children is usually considered replacement level

107
Q

Factors influencing mortality:

LEDC AND MEDC

A

LEDC: infectious diseases account for 40% of deaths

people live in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions communicable diseases such as tuberculosis and cholera spread rapidly

limited access to health care and medicines mean that otherwise treatable conditions such as malaria and tuberculosis are often fatal to poor people

poor nutrition and deficit immune systems are key risk factor for serveral big killers such as lower respiratory infections TB and measles

in rich countries heart diseases and cancers

108
Q

what and why is infant mortality rate a good indicator?

A

most sensitive indicator of socio economic progress
heavily influenced by fundamental improvements in quality of life factors
water supply, nutrition, healthcare

109
Q

General ideas about life expectancy:

A

lowest in africa 55 years
highest in north america 78 years

range has significantly narrowed between poor and rich in 50 years

impact of aids has caused recent decreases in life expectancy in some suv-saharan africa

110
Q

population structure

A

the composition of population

the most important elements are age and sex

111
Q

what is population pyramid?

A

a bar chart
arranged vertically
that shows distribution of a population by age and sex

112
Q

what is the dependency ratio in developed countries vs non developed countries?

A

developed countries:
50-75 (elderly people make up majority)

non developed countries:
higher may reach 100 (young people make up majority)

113
Q

what is demographic transition?

A

the historical shift of birth and death from high to low levels in a population

114
Q

where are all the developed countries of the world on the DTM?

A

stage 4 or 5

115
Q

where are the poorest of the developing countries on the DTM?

A

stage 2

116
Q

Describe stage 4 of the DTM?

A

Birth rate and death rate low

Birth rate fluctuated due to economic conditions

Slow population growth

Death rate rise slightly as the average age of population increases

117
Q

Describe stage 5 of the DTM?

A

Birth rate falls below death rate

NATURAL DECREASE

absence of net migration inflows these populations are declining

118
Q

criticism of the DTM?

A

It fails to take into account changes due to migration
It is seen as too Eurocentric as it was based on the experience of Western Europe
Many developing countries may not flow the sequence set out in the model

119
Q

Facts about ageing populations globally?

A

increased from 46 in 1950
to 65 in 2000
74 in 2020

120
Q

Describe Japans ageing population?

A

highest life expectancy in world
1 in 5 over 60
no other country has a lower under 15 population
younger workers are a premium and there is considerable competition to recruit them

121
Q

what is development?

A

the use of resources to improve the quality of life in a country

122
Q

example of how development occurs in a low income country?

A

food supply improves due to investment in machinery and fertilisers

electricity grid extends out from urban areas to rural areas i

123
Q

what is the human development index?

A

measure of development that combines three important aspects of human well being:

life expectancy, education and income

124
Q

what is child mortality?

A

the number of children who die before their 5th birthday per 1000 live births is

125
Q

reasons for the decline in child mortality?

A

increased breast feeding
mosquito nets
measles vaccines

126
Q

facts about maternal mortality?

A

risk in developed nations is 1 in 6000

1 in 22 in sub saharan africa

127
Q

what is ecological footprint?

A

measure of humanities demands on natural environment

128
Q

what is an ecological footprint measured in?

A

global hectares

129
Q

facts about food shortages?

A

800 million people

problem is concentrated in africa

130
Q

Natural problems leading to food shortages?

A 
soil exhaustion
drought
floods
tropical cyclones
pests
disease
131
Q

What economic and political factors can contribute to food shortages?

A

low capital investment
rapidly rising population
conflict situations
poor distribution or transport difficulties

132
Q

consequences of food shortages?

A

malnutrition (particularly children) 1 in 5 in south sudan
people are more prone to disease and likely to fall ill

people who are continually starved of nutrients never fulfill intellectual and physical potential

reduced people’s alacrity to work

endless cycle of ill health low productivity and underdevelopment

133
Q

what is the green revolution?

A

introduction of high yielding seeds and modern agricultural techniques in developing countries

india was one of the first countries to benefit from this high yielding variety seed program

including wheat rice and maize

134
Q

Advantages of green revolution?

A

Yields are 2-4 times greater than traditional varieties

Shorter growing season has allowed introduction of an extra crop in some areas

Farming incomes increased (allows for purchase of machinery, better seeds, fertilisers and pesticides) and employment

The diet of rural communities is more varied

Local infrastructure upgraded to accommodate more market based approach

135
Q

disadvantages of green revolution?

A

High inputs of fertiliser and pesticide are required to increase production (environmentally and economically costly)

Mechanisation increased rural unemployment

Middle and high income farmers have often become much more than the majority on low incomes

HYVS required more weed control and are more susceptible to pests and disease

136
Q

how do constraints link to resource development?

A

WAR - retards development and the ability of s country to sustain its population. conflict can set back development by decades.

TRADE BARRIERS - another significant constraint reduced export potential of poorer countries and hinders development

CLIMACTIC HAZARDS - short term and climate change in the long term impact utilisation of resources

137
Q

what is overpopulation?

A

when there are too many people in an area relative to resources and the technology available

138
Q

Resource optimist population growth?

A

population increase
increased demand for food
improvement in technology
population growth continues unchecked

139
Q

malthusian population growth?

A

population increase
increased demand for food
less food per person

increased mortality
and
decreased fertility

leads to a decrease in population growth

140
Q

modern malthusian evidence?

A

global decline in area of farmland per person

steep rise in cost of food products

scarcity of fish

population increase

141
Q

modern anti malthusian evidence?

A

development of new resources
replacement of less effievtn with more efficient resources
growth of green technology

142
Q

Describe an S curve?

A

exponential growth
beyond a certain population size
growth gradually slows
resulting in stable population

143
Q

what does a j curve illustrate?

A

high growth and collapse

population initially grows exponentially

population suddenly collwp s known as a dieback often population exceeds carrying capacity

144
Q

what is a pro nationalist policy?

A

a population policy ENCOURAGE births through INCENTIVES

145
Q

what is anti nationalist policy?

A

designed to limit fertility through incentives and deterrents

146
Q

advantages of DTM?

A 
simple, straightforward
predictive tool
applies to majority of world counties
flexible timescales
stood test of time 1929
malthusian reinforced ideas population growth slows best quality of life
147
Q

arguments against DTM?

A

hiv and aids added unpredicted population chimney
war impacts (decrease in BR increase in DR)
internal or regional variation e.g. india
no tomsecale - globalisation technology and gov intervention makes more rapid
some countries may never reach stage 5
effects of migration not excluded

148
Q

natural problems leading to food shortages

A 
soil exhaustion
drought
floods
pests
disease
149
Q

economic and political factors leading to food shortages

A

low capital investment
rapidly rising population
poor distribution
conflict

150
Q

why might the death rate suddenly increase

A

sudden climate disaster e.g. flood
social unrest e.g. civil war
outbreak of disease e.g. ebola or aids

151
Q

why is life expectancy increasing in many countries

A

better health care more medicines
greater health and safety, a decline in dangerous industrial activities such as minuting
better diets, more education about health threats e.g. smoking
reducing in infant mortality
safer forms of transport

152
Q

factors influencing the shape of age sex pyramids?

A

demographic - link betw to death rates and low birth rates, aging population

economic - high cost of children, working wives

social - healthcare, status of women, housing education

political - tax policy, pensions, both controlled

migration type and amount

153
Q

define optimum population

A

number of people
with the existing technology and resources
highest standard of living

154
Q

why is optimum population difficult to achieve

A

population numbers change constantly
technology improves and resources become depleted and new ines discovered

not fixed number
difficult to determine whether it is achieved

if resources exhausted
population decline/ increase

155
Q

how can technology help reduce food shortages

A

green revolution (machinery fertilisers pesticides herbicides irrigation water control)

GM crops

new transport and food storage systems

156
Q

why might DR fall faster in certain areas?

A

provision of and access to medical care within an urban area
clean water efficient sewage system
population more prosperous so a higher standard of living (better food, high quality medical care)

occupational structure - dangerous work in mining and heavy manufacturing

demogrpahic structure - ageing population

157
Q

benefits of being in stage 5 of DTM

A

reduced environment pressure

larger grey market

158
Q

challenges of being in stage 5 of DTM

A

shortage of young innovative workers
strain on healthcare
care and suitable accommodation of elderly needed to be provided
high dependency ration

159
Q

positive impacts of urban rural migration

A

young families boost local school numbers
renewal of services due to increased demand from growing population
employment in gardening and services
new skills and wealth brought to area

160
Q

why might countries aim to increase the fertility rate?

A 
population decrease (TFR below 2.2)
concerns about dependency
lack of labour inability to fill jobs 
vincent s about national identity
under population
161
Q

How does one child policy work?

A

Reward and penalty

rural households that obey family planning rules get priority for loans, materials, welfare

“fewer births quicker richer”

162
Q

resource optimist evidence

A

development of new resources
replacement of less efficient with more efficient resources
rapid development of green technology (increasing reader has development in this growing economic sector)

163
Q

resource pessimists evidence

A

rise in cost of food
scarcity of fish
increase in world population
decline in area of farmland per person

164
Q

J CURVE

A

population initially grows exponentially
population suddenly collapses
known as diebacks
often population exceeds carrying capacity before collapse occurs

165
Q

example for malthus evidence

A

africa

repeated famine war food crisis environmental degredaiton soil erosion crop failure floods

166
Q

counter to malthusian arguments

A

increased cropload due to irrigation
technological improvements
reduced pop growth in DTM

167
Q

how much of welfare spending is paid to pensioners

A

55%

168
Q

what is the impact of elderly people on healthcare

A

prevelance of long term health conditions

70% of total health and social care

169
Q

how much did the elderly contribute to the economy in terms of consumption

A

47%

170
Q

two responses of the population in an area that has reached its carrying capacity

A

S and J curve
outmigration
agricultural intensification
agricultural innovation

171
Q

Constraints on increasing food production in LEDCS

A 
agricultural practice
transport and storage
war or conflict
trade barriers
climatic change and hazards 
funding
172
Q

outlines china’s one child policy

A

most strict family planning program
1979

reward and penalty spprosch
incentive; priority for loans, materials, welfare

“fewer births quickly richer”

in most provincial rural areas gov policy is relaxed so children can have two children without penalties

173
Q

why might a county introduce a population policy to control natural increase?

A

malthusian fear

overpopulation and consequences

174
Q

impacts on a rural area of a high rate of natural increase

A

increased labour supply
reduced dependency ratio

hunger famine overpopulation
gr after unemployment
social unrest
overcrowding in housing

175
Q

constraints on increasing food production in LEDC?

A 
funding
agricultural practice
transport
war or conflict
trade barriers 
climate hazards
176
Q

explain why the mortality rate for males is higher than for females?

A

Women live longer than men in general

Males undertake dangerous jobs and are more likely to be killed in warfare

Females will be seen as healthier and physically more likely to demonstrate longevity

177
Q

effects of immigration on birth rates in MEDCs

A

low often less than replacement
natural decrease

young adults fertile age groups
age culture and positive socio economic

178
Q

explaining death rate decrease

A

agriculture (quantity quality security of food supply)
key services e.g. healthcare
innovation
investment by government eg immunisation
local authorities eg sanitation
clean water
increase standard of living

179
Q

consequences of food shortages in an area

A

our migration
more imports
aid
riots

change in agriculture
irrigation
population control

180
Q

why might a declining population be a problem

A

ageing society
lower births
less economically active peopl

high levels of emigrwi ok

ageing = greater pressure on pension, welfare, health and residential policy

181
Q

how to not exceed carrying capacity in terms of resources

A 
intensity farming
indsutralise
find new resources of power
improve transport to better supply resources
ration resources
182
Q

how to not exceed carrying capacity in terms of population

A 
birth control
delay marriage
contraception 
increase female education
anti nationalist policy
183
Q

consequences of increased dependency in an area

A 
cost of pensions and hospitals so tax rise 
need for specialist housing
conservative population
change in consumer patterns 
fossilisation of job market

grey pound
informal labour

184
Q

explain how constraints limit migration

A

factors that limit a persons ability to move

eg inertia, sale of house, health, wealth to pay for the move, mobility, knowledge of the destination, costs of moving

185
Q

explain how barriers limit migration

A

things that block or prevent the movement such as border controls

physical geography
insecurity
hostile areas

Human Geography (3 decks)

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