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Migration Flashcards

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1
Q

Define migration?

A

The movement of people across a specified boundary, national or international to establish a permanent place of residence

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2
Q

Define internal migration?

A

Moving within the frontiers of a nation

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3
Q

Define international migrant?

A

Cross international boundaries

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4
Q

Define net migration?

A

Number of migrants entering a region or country minus the number who leave the same place

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5
Q

Define origin?

A

Where the migration embarks from

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6
Q

Define destination?

A

Where the migration is completed

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7
Q

Define migration stream?

A

Continuous movement of migrants from a common origin, with a common destination

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8
Q

Define countermigration stream?

A

Reverse flow at a lower volume of people as people are dissatisfied and return home

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9
Q

Define in migration?

A

Number of people joining a country’s population

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10
Q

Define outmigration?

A

Number of people leaving a country’s population

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11
Q

Define immigrant?

A

A person who joins a country’s population for permenant residence

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12
Q

Define emigrant?

A

A person who leaves a country’s population for permanent residence

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13
Q

Define push factors?

A

Negative observations about the area an individual is presently living in

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14
Q

Define pull factors?

A

Perceived better conditions in the place migrants wish to go

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15
Q

Define chain migration?

A

After one or a small number of pioneering migrants have led the way, others from the same rural community follow
Results from strong established rural urban links

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16
Q

Define relay migration?

A

At different stages on a family’s life cycle different people take responsibility for migration in order to improve the financial position of the family

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17
Q

Define stepped migration?

A

Rural migrant initially heads for a familiar small town and then after a period of time moves to a larger urban settlement

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18
Q

Define urban hierarchy?

A

Urban structure - size of city decreases number of people decreases

Very few big cities
Large number of smaller cities
Large towns
Small commuter towns

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19
Q

Define voluntary migration?

A

The individual or household has a free choice about whether or not to move

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20
Q

Define forced migration?

A

When the individual or household has little or no choice but to move

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21
Q

Describe circular migration?

A

Migrants do not settle perenemnantly

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22
Q

Lee’s migration model: list of intervening obstacles

A 
Distance
Lack of capital
Illiteracy
Political differences
Religion
Language 
Military services
Travel costs 
Mia information
Family pressure
National policy
Bureaucracy
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23
Q

Define lees migration model?

A

A model which divides factors causing migration into push and pull
These factors are economic cultural or environmental
- unfavourable = push
- attractive = pull

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24
Q

What are intervening obstacles to migration?

A

Factors that prevent migration from taking place or reduce numbers moving

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25
Q

What is the gravity model based on?

A

Newtons las of universal gravitation

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26
Q

Sum up the gravity model?

A

The potential number of migrations will be bigger where the population of the departing and arriving are large

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27
Q

Formula for gravity model?

A

Number of people moving =

Pop of A * Pop of B
/
distance between them squared

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28
Q

What does the todaro model say is the most influential of push pull factors?

A

Economic

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29
Q

How does the todaro model say that rural urban migration can be slowed?

A

By creating investment and new employment opportunities in rural areas

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30
Q

Why does migration occur according to the todaro model?

A

Individual migrants weigh up the economic costs and benefits

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31
Q

Descrive circular migration?

A

Migrants do not settle permanently in their new homes

Leave rural home at the time of unemployment returns periodically with. Obey

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32
Q

Describe step migration?

A

Represents the progressive movement from rural areas (isolated farms and agricultural villages)
to small towns / urbanised commuter cities
to regional centres / large individual cities
to national metropolis

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33
Q

Describe step migration variations?

A

Direct movement from rural areas to national metropolis

Moving from rural areas to national metropolis but moving back to regional centre
Intention to move from rural area to national metropolis but moving back to small town
Intention to move from rural area to national metropolis but eventually returning to rural area not reisiding elsewhere

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34
Q

What are the three steps of step migration?

A

Farms and rural areas
Regional centres
National metropolis

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35
Q

What is ravensteins law based on?

A

Studied migration in the U.K. 1880s

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36
Q

Push factors of rural urban migration?

A

Lack of economic opportunity
(Poor subsistence farming + lack of incomes for young people)
Population greTer than resources (food shortages)
Housing shortage
Natural disaster
Adverse climates

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37
Q

Pull factors of rural urban migration?

A

Job prospects
High wages
Attractive environment
Amenities

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38
Q

Consequences of rural urban migration?

A 
Urban issues (overcrowding, lack of sanitation, disease (cholera diahorrea) lack of construction regulation, marsh bog poor land quality)
Rural reliance on remittances (further decline as old rely on young)
Rural depopulation (less agriculture so less food supply, reliance on imported food)
Brain drain (selective migration as young entrepreneurial people leave)
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39
Q

Fiji case study information about core vs periphery migration?

A

Incomes in rural areas 25% of those in Sura

Incomes in urban areas grew 6x faster than in rural areas

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40
Q

What are the two forms of urban urban migration?

A

Step migration

Movement within the same urban area (HIC)

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41
Q

Why does movement within the same urban areas occur?

A

Migrants stay with friends or relatives when they first arrive in city
They become more established they are able to move from squatter camps to migrants areas

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42
Q

Describe urban urban migration that happens generally in the U.K.?

A

Refugee or asylum seeker accommodation
Undesirable areas e.g. Margate
Where there is an accommodation surplus

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43
Q

Describe intra urban migration?

A

Within one urban area e.g. Moving house due to
Improved income levels mean that property can be acquired in better areas and housing improvements can take place
Changes in family status often mean a move to a larger property or the building of additional rooms

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44
Q

Describe intra urban migration reasons?

A

Urban regeneration - gentrification (gentrification: kid Brooke village, shoreditch effect) which affects less affluent social groups
Movement for school catchment areas
Improved income (improve lifestyle or get into school catchment areas)

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45
Q

Where does counterurbanisation occur?

A

Developed world

Eg chile Argentina and Brazil

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46
Q

Describe counter urbanisation?

A

Involves the shift of populations from older industrial core areas to peripheral areas as well as a move from larger centres to smaller towns

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47
Q

Examples of why counterurbanisation occurs?

A

New towns eg Crawley due to world war 2 bombing
Slim clearance (eg New addington)
White flights in the 1960/70
Where growth in car ownership and expansion of commuter routers results in a change in work habits

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48
Q

How many people have left rural areas to seek work? (China case study)

A

160 million people

12% of the population of china

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49
Q

Outline the reasons why people left rural china?

A

Seek work in cities (1978 rural income is 40% urban income)

Better standards of living (they can make more in a month working in a factory than in a year in the countryside)

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50
Q

In 1978 how much did farmers earn?

A

Less than $2 a day in 1980

In Giozhou

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51
Q

Urban sprawl in china?

A

Shenzhen since 1978 has sprawled from small town to city of 12 million, predicted to be 15 million by 2020

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52
Q

Describe the social problems of rural urban migration in china?

A

61 million children left behind
20 million have mental health problems (depression anexity)
20 million involved in criminal activity
Further health problems of anaemia and screwed growth

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53
Q

Explain what stepped migration is?

A

When a rural migrant first heads for a familiar small town which is relatively close by
And makes one or more moves up the settlement hierarchy e.g. To a regional centre then to a capital city

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54
Q

Why does stepped migration happen?

A

Reduced the risk involved and to help the migrant on their way
By offering smaller steps which may be easier to achieve
Allows money to be saved up and information to be gathered for the next step

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55
Q

Explain how pull factors cause economic migration?

A

Pull factors in the decision to move and choice of destination (factual information, news from pioneer migrants, advertising, media reports and perception)

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56
Q

What is economic migration?

A

The movement of population for economic gain or betterment

To obtain jobs or better paid employment

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57
Q

Explain factors that may limit the ability of people to migrate?

A

Physical - wellbeing of migrant and oceans mountains or swamps
Economic - finances to pay for migration, transport and housing costs and availability, employment
Social - family size, age, culture, level of education

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58
Q

Why is the scale of rural urban migration greater in LEDC than MEDC?

A

General cause of migration: socio economic disparity (services, opportunities and quality of life are poor in rural compared to urban)
Widespread in LEDC but applies only to certain MEDC (remote e.g. Mountains)

MEDC rural urban is in the past and more urban rural occurs now
LEDC is still dominant
Due to different stages in urbanisation

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59
Q

Push factors of rural urban migration in LEDC vs MEDC?

A

LEDC: Unemployment
Poor access to education and healthcare
Natural disasters
Lack of food security

MEDC (remote):
Limit job opportunities
Long distNcw education and healthcare
NO physical hardships or problem of food security

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60
Q

Pull factors of rural urban migration in LEDC vs MEDC?

A

Attraction of urban areas
Job opportunities
Higher wage rates
Access to better range and quality of services and shops

LEDC is more greatly improved quality of life

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61
Q

Define international economic migration?

A

The movement of people for more than a year
To another country
To seek employment

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62
Q

Ravensteins laws or migration:

A

Greatest body of migrants travel short distances
Produces currents directed at commercial centres
Each current has a counter current in the opposite direction
Urban migrated less than rural
Male migrate more over long distances

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63
Q

what are the three costs of migration?

A

Closing up
Cost of movement
Opening up

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64
Q

what is the closing up cost of migration?

A

changes to assets owned

LIC - low monetary, high personal

HIC - costs of selling house, estate agents, selling possessions that can’t be transported
generally substantial

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65
Q

what is the cost of movement cost of migration?

A

depends on mode of transport and time taken

personal transport costs and costs of transporting possessions

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66
Q

what is the cost of opening up cost of migration?

A

HICS impose stamp duty when a house is above a certain value
estate agents and legal fees possibly covered by employer

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67
Q

obstacles of miggation?

A

Physical - flood drought landslides water bodies

Human - hostility from people ethnic tensions

68
Q

how have government attitudes to migration changed? i

A

legal barriers have worsened

countries favour immigrants with skills and set up buisnesses creating employment

69
Q

difference between voluntary and involuntary international migration?

A

voluntary had an element of choice
dominated by economic reasons
influenced by changes or relaxation in laws or rules
eg 2004 eu expansion

70
Q

when does involuntary migration occur?

A

when the migrant is forced to move
due to human or physical reasons
wars conflict due to wealth distribution ethnicity genoicide religions resources territory

71
Q

example of an involuntary migration due to genocide?

A

rwanda

72
Q

example of an involuntary migration due to religion?

A

syria

73
Q

example of an involuntary migration due to resources?

A

iraq

74
Q

example of an involuntary migration due to natural disaster?

A

haiti

75
Q

example of an involuntary migration due to persecution?

A

nazi germany

76
Q

what is independent voluntary migration?

A

the decision to move is made by the individual

large majority of choice

77
Q

what is dependent voluntary migration?

A

decision to move is made by a collective household
individual does not have a significant say
depends on the age and gender of the prospective migrant

78
Q

describe the recent trends in voluntary migration?

A

growth of labour related migration
increasingly temporary &a circular 1990-2000

spatial impact has spread (more countries)
new migration streams & old streams maintainded
proportion of female migrants increased to 50%
Indonesia, Sri Lanka women make up majority

79
Q

what advances in technologu have led to a rise in migration?

A

air travel is more reliable, quicker, cheaper, easier to book
ships
trains eg eurostar
internet - advertising, ease of booking, globalisation of culture

eg 82% of kenya vs 9% in 2002

80
Q

economic reasons for a rise in migration?

A

ease of currency exchange
internet banking
remittance payments

81
Q

environmental impacts of international migration on the source country?

A

relaxation of pressure on resources

82
Q

define assimilation?

A

group of migrants gradually become part of host population

83
Q

cultural impacts of international migration on receiving country?

A

Growth in CULTURAL HYBRIDITY as foreign people are established

eg after 2004 he expansion, more polish workers migrated to u.k., increased birth rate, languages at schools, etc

Large urban areas feel the effect of this most as greatest concentration of employment oppertunjtirs can be found

UK FRANCE GERMANY evident

84
Q

social economic impacts of international migration on the receiving country?

A

increased no of people with low socioeconomic status (unemployment, dangerous, dirty jobs in consutrucrjon and household services)

increased pool of available labour reducing inflation

concentration of migrants on economic regions which puts pressure on housing stock and services e.g. health and education

social assimilation following economic assimilation - language religion and culture are barriers to this

85
Q

social economic impacts of international migration on the sorce country?

A

remittances are a major source of income (in 2012 70 billion sent back to india) features in china also
positive multiplier - donations by migrants to community projects, increase purchase of foreign goods leads to increased reserves of foreign exchange
brain drain - loss of most dynamic individuals £60 billion LIC investment lost annually in this way
new ideas from adopted country filter back to one country clashing with tradition

86
Q

push factor: poverty for mexico to USA international migration?

A

47% live below the poverty line

deplorable economic conditions and poverty

87
Q

push factor: lack of economic opportunity for mexico to USA international migration?

A

debit and currency crisis
neoliberal reforms
between 2002 and 2009 unemployment rose by 32%

88
Q

push factor: poor education prospects for mexico to USA international migration?

A

adult literacy rates are 55%

89
Q

pull factor: good academic oppertunjtirs for mexico to USA international migration?

A

them or for their future children higher education prospects so they can gain higher paying jobs

86% of mexicans can read and write
99% of americans can read and wrote

majority of students finish school at 14 in mexico, 16 in america

90
Q

pull factor: greater economic opportunity for mexico to USA international migration?

A

chance for well paid jobs
john labour demands in america has lead to an expansion in mexican labour pool
2014 69% of mexican immigrants were in the civilian labour force and 30% in service (lower paying) occupations

91
Q

pull factor: better quality of life for mexico to USA international migration?

A

people perceive a better life (57%)
quality of services is genuinely much better

US 400 patients for every doctor
Mexico 1800 patients for every doctor

92
Q

push factor: crime for mexico to USA international migration?

A

mexico had high crime rate and drug traffakig rates

47,500 people in the past 5 years killed in drug related crimes

93
Q

trends in mexico us migration?

A

rate has decreased in recent years (fewer jobs, tougher border control, more technology for border control, improving mexico economy)

only changed by 200,000 between 2006-2014
compared to 2 million between 1980-1988

94
Q

demographic of mexico us migration?

A

87% working age only 60% native population

more likely to be employed in services or consution earning 20,000 less than average american

95
Q

main settling points of mexico urban migration?

A

california 4.2 million

texas 2.5 million

96
Q

main entry point of mexico us migration?

A

arizona border there were 260 out of a total of 473 migrants deaths in 2005

97
Q

positive impacts on mexico?

A

higher percentage of remittances, lower homicide rate
1% increase in remittance, 0.05% increase in homicide rate
higher incomes deters crime and increasing oppertunjtes of jobs and education
positive multiplier effect

pressure on land social services and jobs is relieved - unemployment reduced and health services no longer over capacity

98
Q

negative impacts on mexico?

A

there is an increasingly dependent population as the majority of young people leave
lack of young fertile couples reduces birth rate further increasing dependency ratio as lack of people supporting elderly

mexico is dependent on domestically grown food - most migrants are from rural areas leaving a shortage of farmers - potential for food shortages n mexico as economically active population leave rural areas

99
Q

economic impacts of mexican migration on the USA?

A

mexican migrants take low income menial jobs (still highter than mexico)
many americans don’t want these jobs
social tension as now unemployment of americans is rising

work gets done at a low price, ethnisiastically,

illegal immigrants cost the US Millions in border control enforcement and migrants held for deportation

remittances means the american economy loses out in tax revenue and mexican economy benefits

100
Q

social impacts of US mexico migration?

A

concern that mexico is full of drug traffaking and high crime (paired with low incomes and poor education) concerns about drug smuggling and related crimes

large number of mexicans can’t speak english fluently - common for spanish to be taught in american schools widening the skill set and improving career oppertunjtirs - helps ease social tensions also

mexican culture with burrito and taco fast food shops opening up nationally - new food n music helps widen americas diversity

ethnic tension violence crime segregation in closed communities - racial attacks

101
Q

intra urban migration

A

permenang movement of people within an urban area not commuting

102
Q

general impacts of migrants on the receiving country?

A 
population growth
adds t reproductive sector
may lead to overpopulation
introduced new skills 
may lead to conflict
valuable labour source
especially in shortage areas 
possible informal sector strain on social services
103
Q

general impacts of migrants on the source country?

A 
relieved population pressure 
loss of productivity
skilled population leaving 
shortage of educated labour 
loss of community 
introduction of new values via feedback from migrants
remittances improved family income
104
Q

split up the economic costs of migration

A

cost of closing up
cost of movement itself
cost of opening up at destination

105
Q

physical obstacles to a migration

A 
distance
flood
drought
landslide
water bodies
106
Q

human obstacles to migration

A

hostility from other people on journey

chances of accident while travelling

107
Q

how can internal migration result in tension

A

significantly changes the ethnic composition of an area

E.g. in tibet the Han Chinese are see as threat to culture and its entity

108
Q

how does rural urban migration have an environmental impact

A

massive expansion of many urban areas in developing countries
swallowed up farmland, forests, flood plains and other areas of ecological importance

water and resource pollution

109
Q

what is the main influence on intra urban movements

A

family life cycle

with the available housing stock being a major determinant of where people live at different stages of life

110
Q

what is counterurbanisation

A

the process of population decentralisation as people move from large urban areas to smaller urban settlements and rural areas

111
Q

how can having relatives in a country encourage immigration by other family messages?

A

strength of family ties, reunion
positive reports of destination country
proveiison of information and advice before the migration
shared heritage language and culture
overcoming obstacles
employments in family businesses or reference to work

112
Q

why might percentage of urban population vary between countries?

A 
stage in the urbanisation cycle 
stage of economic development 
nature of economy 
role of migration (rural urban) 
policy and planning
113
Q

define internal migration

A

movement of people
within a country
permentantly

114
Q

explain the main benefits to migrants of international migration

A

economic: employment and higher wages than at origin
social: free social services, better education, freedom, security, range of cultural activities

115
Q

impacts on the destination of the arrival of young males immigrating

A

demography - increased intermarrying, increased birth rate, lower death rate, male female imbalance

economic - unemployment rises, economic stimulus as cheaper labour, house price rise

social - increased demand for school places, cultural conflict, more restaurant variety

political - unrest, different voting patterns

116
Q

factors which act as constraints to international migration

A 
attachment to area they live in
distance and cost
borders and border control
level of knowledge of the destination
availability of transport links
level of responsibilities e.g. dependent elderly parents at origin
117
Q

why might a large number of refugees migrate from some countries?

A

persecution. or lack of freedom due to religion or politics

long violent conflicts

forced expulsion of minority group (ethnic cleansing)

natural disaster or environmental degreadation

food/economic insecurity

118
Q

why countries vary in attraction for international economic migrants?

A

proximity of travel
information on source (family members) and could provide support
government policy encouraging or discouraging economic migration
perceived hostility
perceived better wage rates and job oppertunjty

119
Q

fact about older people and younger people migrating

A

only 4% over 60

around 16% under 16

120
Q

how can age influence migration

A

young adults more migratory (seeking work fewer ties breadwinner)

children migrate with parents

more complex family ties with age and retired family members least migratory

121
Q

what does migration theory say about gender in migration

A

males more likely over long distance

women more likely over short distance

122
Q

how does gender affect migration

A

more males as in LEDCS they are more mobile
mainly men who seek work outside home
female may not be allowed
or may not wish to travel with young children

female migration by jobs traditionally done by women
eh caring professions

men may migrate first and be joined by family later

gender is arguably becoming less important

123
Q

why does stepped migration occur

A

reduces risk involved
offers smaller steps easier to achieve
allows money to be saved up and information gathered

124
Q

Impacts of international migration Mexico-USA on Mexico?

A

More dependent population, reduced fertility rate, increased dependency ratio

Rural migrants - less food producti n, population reliant on mexican food, rural food shortages

Remittances - multiplier, fall homicide rate as people don’t have to commit crime

Population reduction - less pressure on health land and unemployment

125
Q

Impacts of international migration Mexico-USA on USA?

A

Rising native unemployment as Mexicans took menial jobs - leads to social tensions

$3 billion on border patrol

Poor english - closed communities - no social assimilation

Poor education - crime - drug violence - low income

Americans expected to work at same low migrant wages - american labour replaced by cheaper migrants

Improved US culture - diversity, food

Spanish school teaching eases social tensions and useful in careers

126
Q

issues of china rural urban migration (internal migration)?

A

education issues
workers mental health
children left behind

127
Q

how are education issues a problem with internal migration in china?

A

Born to migrants due to Hukou system

58 million left in rural
19 million in cities as second class citizens
worst performance and behavioural problems
less likely to continue academic performance and behavioural problems

in order to go have to pay 6000 yuan as they receive no state funding

6% of migrant chidlren receive no education

128
Q

how is workers mental health an issue of internal migration (rural urban)?

A

in Shenzhen

58% depressed
17% anxious
5% sucked

heavy burden and pressure on themselves to support ageing parents and families unable to care for them

contrast between what the workers desire and what reality is like

129
Q

issue caused by internal migration in china in terms of children left behind?

A

70% emotional trauma depression or anxiety
one third involved in crime
one third heko with mental state
children without parents lack self discipline as grandparents struggle to look after the

in 2015 4 children committed suicide by consuming pesticide due to this

130
Q

why have people left rural china to go to urban areas?

A 
160 million (12% of pop)
1978 rural wages are ere 40% less than urban

farmers earns less than $2 a day

131
Q

management of international migration case study?

A

mexico to usa

us boreder patrol reduces number of immigrants into the country via airforce

normal americans offer support pacing their own land

rationing effects of anchor babies

donald trumps barrier prevents mexicans from crossing

132
Q

compare the sides of rural urban migration and urban rural migration

A

life cycle
family life
employment success
(betterment)

133
Q

impacts on rural area of rural urban migration

A

land abandoned

mental health in children deteriorates

CHINA children left behind

remittances $70bn india

134
Q

what is urban renewal

A

replacing old buildings with new ones
converting land from one use to another

or redeveloping and improving

135
Q

why does urban renewal occur in the centre of cities

A 
deterioration of buildings
poor living conditions 
inefficient use of central land 
profitability of redevelopment
traffic and congestion
136
Q

why might some countries receive more refugees than others

A 
proximity to the country suffering (neighbouring country)
lack of border control
historical ties to country
welcoming to refugees 
peaceful (refugees from war zones)
137
Q

why does rural migration occur in LEDCs

A

poor economic and living conditions
environmental deterioration
resettlement or development

perception of wealth
economic opportunity
health and education

138
Q

advantages of rural urban migration on source area

A

reduced pressure on resources
remittances
experience of urban dwellers is empowering

139
Q

disadvantages of rural urban migration on the source areas?

A

loss of able bodied
loss of culture and ideas
remittances reliance
economic consequences

140
Q

factors that might limit the ability of people to migrate

A

physical - oceans mountains swamps/ physical wellbeing

economic - financing migration, transport, housing costs, employment

social - family size, age, culture, education

political - migration policy

141
Q

describe how pull factors may be unrealistic

A

distorted by perception of migrant eg streets paved with gold or exaggerated by returning migrants
lack of knowledge or communication
distorted for political or explorative gain

142
Q

impacts of urban rural migration in LA

A

SMOG
INNER CITY DECLINE
SOCIAL SEGREGATION

143
Q

describe how urban rural migration has lead to an increase in smog in LA

A 
rise in commuters from suburbs
congested freeways
local air systems 
leads to air pollution 
10 million car owners
only 10% use PT to commute
144
Q

describe how urban rural migration has lead to an inner city decline in LA

A

dereliction and concentration of poor people

less inclined to use CBD services

industry move for greenfield sites, cheap land
Long Beach lost 1 million jobs

homelessness and higher crime rates

145
Q

describe how urban rural migration has lead to an increase in social segregation in LA

A

suburbs are wealthier
clusters of high income in centre with security and concierge
low income are crime hotspots

migrants settle for work as it is close to mexico

can’t afford social services
form ethnic enclaves

146
Q

suburban pull

A 
accessibility
better school and services
higher safety
cheaper land larger property
out of town shopping centres 
more open space
147
Q

urban push

A 
safety fears
high rent BID REMT
job decline 
pollution 
crowded housing 
buisness sites
148
Q

why has suburbanisation happened in LA?

A 
huge land mass
few planning redirections
high average income
investment n transport network
cheap fuel
high personal mobility
decline in manufacturing
increase in public services
149
Q

overall push factor in LA

A

central LA declined
poor and often semi derelict inner city
crime ridden
inhabited by bottom social eocnlmic class

150
Q

overall pull factor in LA

A

suburbs offer better quality of life
space for a house with pool
roads schools hospitals shopping

ANERICAN DREAM

151
Q

why is voluntary migration increasing?

A

increased mobility - advances in transport, reduced cost

modern media - increased knowledge of socio economic disparities between countries and political destinations

globalisation - work available melsewhere and strong pull factors

population growth - increasing concentrations of poeple in poverty stricken areas

152
Q

political barriers to international migration

A

immigration law
border controls
visa permits
specifying particular skills

153
Q

reducing rates of rural urban migration

A

increase opportunities in rural areas

growth of tourism

agricultural development

DISINCENTIVES

need for permits

Houkou (china’s

media

154
Q

why does urban urban migration occur?

A

stepped migration within the urban hierarchy

education and employment, retirement

job opportunities

quality of life

access to services

155
Q

positive consequences of rapid urban growth in LEDC

A

industry - demand for labour met with sufficient population
large pool of cheap and available labour attract TNC
multiplier effect
relieved pressure on rural areas

156
Q

negative consequences of rapid urban growth in LEDC?

A 
unemployment 
unplanned growth with loss of agricultural land and unsafe building
demand for housing outstrips supply 
squatter settlements 
congestion 
growth in crime 
rural decline as lack of working population
reliance on remittances
157
Q

why is there a higher rate of urbanisation in many LEDC?

A

stage of urbanisation cycle
rural urban migration STRONG PUSH PULL FACTORS
high natural increase

158
Q

why do people migrate from cities in old age

A

rural areas

no longer need to be near employment
pension is a cheaper place to live 
health is declining so less polluted 
more healthy or restful 
family no longer need to be near schools
159
Q

list the ways in which countries can control international migration

A 
quotas 
visas 
work permits 
physical barriers 
entry exit criteria
160
Q

list the reasons why countries attempt to control international migration

A

control the nature and number of migrants

161
Q

refugee

A

person outside their country
owing to well founded fear of persecution (race religion politics)

asylum seekers that are granted refugee status

162
Q

impacts of a refugee flow on a receiving area

A

Tension
Charity response
Disease

163
Q

what do push pull factors determine

A 
numbers moving
reason they move
ease of movement 
character of migrants
opportunities in receiving areas
164
Q

effects of emigration on population growth rates in LEDCs

A

young adults economically active generally

reproductive fall in population growth rates
enhanced if imbalanced migration stream

reduced population growth rates of families split delaying marriages

longer turn effect of reducing there next generation POPULATION MOMENTUM

165
Q

impacts of refugees on a receiving area

A 
refugee camp
cost
food supply
health issue
friction with local pop

increased labour supply
population growth
political unrest

Human Geography (3 decks)

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