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AS Geography > Population > Flashcards

Population Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main reasons for population growth?

A
  • Industrial revolution
  • Agricultural revolution
  • Medical advances
  • Transport/trade/navigation - spread of technology
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2
Q

What’s the definition of birth rate? (BR)

A

The number of babies born (per thousand) in one year

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3
Q

What’s the definition of death rate? (DR)

A

The number of deaths (per thousand) in one year

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4
Q

What is the equation for natural population change? (NC)

A

BR - DR
÷ 1000
x 100

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5
Q

What does BR, DR and NC tell us?

A

-How developed a country is
-What stage of development that country is in
(BR is a better indicator of development)

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6
Q

What is infant mortality rate?

A

The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1000 live births per year

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7
Q

What is life expectancy?

A

Average number of years a person is expected to live

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8
Q

What is fertility rate and total fertility rate?

A
  • Number of live births in an area/country per 1000 women of child bearing age in a year
  • The average number of children a woman is expected to bear in her lifetime
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9
Q

What is population density/measurement?

A

The number of people who live in an area - measured in kilometres squared

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10
Q

What are the names of the 5 stages of the DTM?

A 
Stage 1: High Fluctuating 
Stage 2: Early Expanding 
Stage 3: Late Expanding 
Stage 4: Low Fluctuating 
Stage 5: Natural Decrease
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11
Q

What are the case studies for each stage of the DTM and their features/reasons?

A

Stage 1: Matis Tribe, Amazonia- Remote society, little medicine, low life expectancy, no birth control

Stage 2: Afghanistan- Improving health care, agricultural economy, religion means no birth control, some disease prevention

Stage 3: Brazil- Improved health care, birth control available (some areas), education, standard of living increase, smaller families

Stage 4: UK -Economic growth, equality, high standard of living, later marriages

Stage 5: France - Elderly population, rising DR, career focused society, emancipation of women, postponing motherhood

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12
Q

Outline the strengths and weaknesses of the DTM:

A

Strengths:

  • Universal in concept - applied all over the world
  • Starting point for study of demographic change
  • Flexible time scales
  • Easy to understand
  • Enables comparisons

Weaknesses:

  • Based on experience of industrialising countries and is not so relevant to non-industrialising countries
  • Assumes that stage 2 follows from industrialisation
  • Assumes that stage 3 follows several decades after stage 2 and that DR fell as a consequence of changes brought about by BR changing
  • Doesn’t predict anomalies like countries in Africa that have slipped into a situation more like stage 1 because of HIV/Aids
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13
Q 
Name the features of a population with a pyramid with a: 
Thin apex 
Wide apex 
Thin base
Wide base
A

Thin apex = high DR, low LE
Wide apex = low DR, high LE
Thin base = Low BR
Wide base = High BR

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14
Q

Name the 3 age groups and their age range:

A

Young dependents: under 15 years old
Economically active: between 20-65 years old
Elderly dependents = Over 65 years old

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15
Q

What are the features of the pyramids for each stage of the DTM?

A 
Stage 1: Wide base, low/narrow apex
Stage 2: Wide base, higher/wider apex
Stage 3: Narrowing base, wider apex 
Stage 4: Narrowing base, high/wider apex, rectangular shape
Stage 5: Narrow base, wide apex
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16
Q

What is the calculation for dependency ratio? (EU and Global)

A

EU:
(Population aged 0-19) + (Population aged 60+) ÷ (Economically active population 20-59)

Globally:
(Population aged 0-15) + (Population aged 65+) ÷ (Population aged 16-64)

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17
Q

What are the impacts of an ageing population?

A
  • Health: increased costs
  • Pensions: raised taxes, unstable system
  • Housing: shortage of housing
  • Grey Vote: elderly needs seen as more important
  • Grey Pound: Tourists companies benefit, Saga (leisure company) benefits
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18
Q

What are the pull factors for Polish economic migrants coming to the UK?

A
  • Wages 5 times than in Poland
  • Seasonal jobs
  • Higher GDP in UK
  • UK was one of three countries that didn’t restrict the numbers of migrants from the A8 countries
19
Q

What are the push factors for Polish economic migrants coming to the UK?

A
  • High unemployment in Poland
  • Youth unemployment is around 40%
  • Low GDP
20
Q

What are the impacts of economic migrants on the UK?

A

+ = Positive - = Negative

\+ Added taxpayers 
- Extra strain on NHS 
\+ Introduction of new cultures 
- Language barriers (in schools/police)
- Racism/segregation 
\+ Some argue that they do jobs that no one wants to do 
- Take up cheap work 
- Many migrants go to one place 
\+ Contribute to economy 
\+ Hard working 
- Overcrowding (housing etc)
- Elderly feel isolated
21
Q

What are the impacts of economic migrants leaving Poland?

A

+ = Positive - = Negative

+ Emancipation of women
- Brain drain
- Lack of doctors/other important roles
- Lack of people working in handywork- plumbers etc
- Lack of Polish men
+/- Women have to be trained to do ‘male’ jobs
+ Easier for women to get jobs

22
Q

What are the impacts of migration on the destination countries in the EU? (migrants from Africa)

A

+ = Positive - = Negative

  • Boats used to travel to the country are left on beaches which takes up space
  • Bodies and debris in water - lack of tourism
  • Overcrowding (300/400 migrants enter Italy every day)
  • Migrants can’t leave Europe because they have no money
  • Many become homeless
    + Income if the migrants work
    + Creates a multicultural society
  • Gender skew
23
Q

What are the impacts of migrants leaving Africa to go to the EU?

A
  • Lives are lost on the journey

+ Migrants can send money home (Senegal gets half a billion dollars a year from migrants)

24
Q

What were the problems caused by rapid population growth in China?

A
  • Strain on services
  • Over crowding
  • Poor housing
  • Unemployment
  • Public utilities strained
  • Deforestation
  • Drought
  • Pollution
  • Overgrazing
  • Intensive farming
  • Desertification
25
Q

What policy did China introduce to control rapid population growth and when was it introduced?

A

The One Child Policy (OCP), introduced in 1979

26
Q

Why was the OCP introduced?

A
  • In 1970, China made up 20% of the world’s population
  • In 1963 the average Chinese woman had 7.5 babies
  • Famine was a major issue
27
Q

What did the OCP involve?

A
  • Couples couldn’t marry until late 20s
  • Couples were only allowed one successful pregnancy
  • Couples must abort future pregnancies, some were sterilised
  • Only applied to the Han Chinese race (80% of the population)
  • Twins and triplets exempt from policy
28
Q

How was the OCP enforced?

A
  • 10% salary cuts if couples didn’t abide
  • Fine of up to 10 x salary
  • Forced abortions and sterilisations
  • Second children born abroad were fine but could not become Chinese citizens
  • “Granny Police”- older women in communities gave regular check ups to younger women/ensured contraception was being taken
  • Rewards for families who stuck to rules: priority housing, pension and family benefits, free education, 5 to 10% salary rise
29
Q

What were the social impacts of the OCP?

A
  • Infanticide/gendercide
  • Gender skew
  • Little emperor syndrome
  • 4:2:1 ratio
  • Poverty after having to pay fines
  • Children become lonely
  • Suicide rates high among women
  • Psychological trauma
  • Better health services for women
  • Bare branches (single men)- leads to more crime and violence
30
Q

What were the economic impacts of the OCP?

A
  • Bigger families needed for farming
  • 10 x salary fine
  • Decrease in economically active
  • 600 million living on under $2 a day
  • Gender equality in the work place- more people working
  • Economic burden on only child
  • Families employing nannies
31
Q

What were the political impacts of the OCP?

A
  • Govt. have to regulate/monitor population
  • Emancipation of women
  • Ageing population - 1 in 5 over 60 in Shanghai
32
Q

How has China’s population changed since the OCP?

A
  • Reduced growth rate
  • BR is below replacement level
  • Unsustainable population structure (from one extreme to the other)
  • Patriarchal society (boys preferred to girls)
  • 114 males for 100 females
33
Q

How has the OCP changed?

A
  • To cope with the burden of an ageing population the policy was relaxed
  • Single children who marry can have 2 children (as long as there is 4 years between each birth)
  • In Shanghai, all couples can have two children without gaps between the births
  • New baby boom could put pressure on resources
  • Some people don’t have money for a second child
  • China is now a career focused society which means fewer people want children
34
Q

What policy has been adopted in Indonesia to control population growth and why has it been adopted?

A

Transmigration policy

Overpopulation led to poverty, lack of jobs and space
High level of pollution in Jakarta
High population density- lots of shacks/homeless

35
Q

What did the transmigration policy in Indonesia include?

A

-Moving people from densely populated areas to less/sparsely populated areas such as islands and providing them with basics for 18 months (home/food etc)

36
Q

What was the cost of moving each family in the transmigration scheme in Indonesia?

A

$7000

37
Q

What policy was used in Kerala to control rapid population growth and how did it slow it down?

A

Improve education standards

  • It improved literacy rates among adults to 90%, making them more employable
  • It fully emancipated women- more girls go to uni than boys and this postpones pregnancy
  • Families are also given 8 hectares of land- big families are a disadvantage
38
Q

What type of population policy is France using to control its population? What does it do and how does it do it??

A

A pro natal policy to increase birth rate and lower the dependency ratio by offering people incentives to encourage people to have children.

39
Q

What incentives does France’s pro natal policy offer to families?

A
  • Payment of up to £1000 to couples having a 3rd child
  • Generous maternity grants
  • Family allowances
  • La Carte Famille Nombreuse- benefits and reductions on entry fees etc to entertainment venues for large families
  • 30% far reduction on all public transport for 3 child families
  • 100% mortgage and preferential treatment in the allocation of 3 bedroom council flats
  • Pension schemes for mothers
  • Low childcare costs
40
Q

Why did France introduce its pro natal policy?

A
  • High elderly population
  • Too many economically dependent
  • Birth rate lowered from 18 in 1960 to 3 (before policy introduced)
41
Q

Has Frances pro natal policy been successful?

A

Yes: fertility rate has increased from 1.73 (1992) to 1.98 (2007)

42
Q

What policy is Laviano in Italy using to control population?

A

Pro natal

43
Q

What incentive is being offered to families in Laviano to have more children?

A
  • £7000 to anyone who has a baby - “cash for babies”
44
Q

Why does Laviano need a pro natal policy?

A
  • Birth rates are falling
  • Many young people move when they’re teenagers
  • BR of 4
  • Most of the population are over 40- healthcare and medicine costs increasing

AS Geography (5 decks)

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