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Population Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main reasons for population growth?

A
  • Industrial revolution
  • Agricultural revolution
  • Medical advances
  • Transport/trade/navigation - spread of technology
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2
Q

What’s the definition of birth rate? (BR)

A

The number of babies born (per thousand) in one year

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3
Q

What’s the definition of death rate? (DR)

A

The number of deaths (per thousand) in one year

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4
Q

What is the equation for natural population change? (NC)

A

BR - DR
÷ 1000
x 100

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5
Q

What does BR, DR and NC tell us?

A

-How developed a country is
-What stage of development that country is in
(BR is a better indicator of development)

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6
Q

What is infant mortality rate?

A

The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1000 live births per year

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7
Q

What is life expectancy?

A

Average number of years a person is expected to live

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8
Q

What is fertility rate and total fertility rate?

A
  • Number of live births in an area/country per 1000 women of child bearing age in a year
  • The average number of children a woman is expected to bear in her lifetime
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9
Q

What is population density/measurement?

A

The number of people who live in an area - measured in kilometres squared

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10
Q

What are the names of the 5 stages of the DTM?

A 
Stage 1: High Fluctuating 
Stage 2: Early Expanding 
Stage 3: Late Expanding 
Stage 4: Low Fluctuating 
Stage 5: Natural Decrease
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11
Q

What are the case studies for each stage of the DTM and their features/reasons?

A

Stage 1: Matis Tribe, Amazonia- Remote society, little medicine, low life expectancy, no birth control

Stage 2: Afghanistan- Improving health care, agricultural economy, religion means no birth control, some disease prevention

Stage 3: Brazil- Improved health care, birth control available (some areas), education, standard of living increase, smaller families

Stage 4: UK -Economic growth, equality, high standard of living, later marriages

Stage 5: France - Elderly population, rising DR, career focused society, emancipation of women, postponing motherhood

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12
Q

Outline the strengths and weaknesses of the DTM:

A

Strengths:

  • Universal in concept - applied all over the world
  • Starting point for study of demographic change
  • Flexible time scales
  • Easy to understand
  • Enables comparisons

Weaknesses:

  • Based on experience of industrialising countries and is not so relevant to non-industrialising countries
  • Assumes that stage 2 follows from industrialisation
  • Assumes that stage 3 follows several decades after stage 2 and that DR fell as a consequence of changes brought about by BR changing
  • Doesn’t predict anomalies like countries in Africa that have slipped into a situation more like stage 1 because of HIV/Aids
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13
Q 
Name the features of a population with a pyramid with a: 
Thin apex 
Wide apex 
Thin base
Wide base
A

Thin apex = high DR, low LE
Wide apex = low DR, high LE
Thin base = Low BR
Wide base = High BR

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14
Q

Name the 3 age groups and their age range:

A

Young dependents: under 15 years old
Economically active: between 20-65 years old
Elderly dependents = Over 65 years old

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15
Q

What are the features of the pyramids for each stage of the DTM?

A 
Stage 1: Wide base, low/narrow apex
Stage 2: Wide base, higher/wider apex
Stage 3: Narrowing base, wider apex 
Stage 4: Narrowing base, high/wider apex, rectangular shape
Stage 5: Narrow base, wide apex
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16
Q

What is the calculation for dependency ratio? (EU and Global)

A

EU:
(Population aged 0-19) + (Population aged 60+) ÷ (Economically active population 20-59)

Globally:
(Population aged 0-15) + (Population aged 65+) ÷ (Population aged 16-64)

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17
Q

What are the impacts of an ageing population?

A
  • Health: increased costs
  • Pensions: raised taxes, unstable system
  • Housing: shortage of housing
  • Grey Vote: elderly needs seen as more important
  • Grey Pound: Tourists companies benefit, Saga (leisure company) benefits
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18
Q

What are the pull factors for Polish economic migrants coming to the UK?

A
  • Wages 5 times than in Poland
  • Seasonal jobs
  • Higher GDP in UK
  • UK was one of three countries that didn’t restrict the numbers of migrants from the A8 countries
19
Q

What are the push factors for Polish economic migrants coming to the UK?

A
  • High unemployment in Poland
  • Youth unemployment is around 40%
  • Low GDP
20
Q

What are the impacts of economic migrants on the UK?

A

+ = Positive - = Negative

\+ Added taxpayers 
- Extra strain on NHS 
\+ Introduction of new cultures 
- Language barriers (in schools/police)
- Racism/segregation 
\+ Some argue that they do jobs that no one wants to do 
- Take up cheap work 
- Many migrants go to one place 
\+ Contribute to economy 
\+ Hard working 
- Overcrowding (housing etc)
- Elderly feel isolated
21
Q

What are the impacts of economic migrants leaving Poland?

A

+ = Positive - = Negative

+ Emancipation of women
- Brain drain
- Lack of doctors/other important roles
- Lack of people working in handywork- plumbers etc
- Lack of Polish men
+/- Women have to be trained to do ‘male’ jobs
+ Easier for women to get jobs

22
Q

What are the impacts of migration on the destination countries in the EU? (migrants from Africa)

A

+ = Positive - = Negative

  • Boats used to travel to the country are left on beaches which takes up space
  • Bodies and debris in water - lack of tourism
  • Overcrowding (300/400 migrants enter Italy every day)
  • Migrants can’t leave Europe because they have no money
  • Many become homeless
    + Income if the migrants work
    + Creates a multicultural society
  • Gender skew
23
Q

What are the impacts of migrants leaving Africa to go to the EU?

A
  • Lives are lost on the journey

+ Migrants can send money home (Senegal gets half a billion dollars a year from migrants)

24
Q

What were the problems caused by rapid population growth in China?

A
  • Strain on services
  • Over crowding
  • Poor housing
  • Unemployment
  • Public utilities strained
  • Deforestation
  • Drought
  • Pollution
  • Overgrazing
  • Intensive farming
  • Desertification
25
What policy did China introduce to control rapid population growth and when was it introduced?
The One Child Policy (OCP), introduced in 1979
26
Why was the OCP introduced?
- In 1970, China made up 20% of the world's population - In 1963 the average Chinese woman had 7.5 babies - Famine was a major issue
27
What did the OCP involve?
- Couples couldn't marry until late 20s - Couples were only allowed one successful pregnancy - Couples must abort future pregnancies, some were sterilised - Only applied to the Han Chinese race (80% of the population) - Twins and triplets exempt from policy
28
How was the OCP enforced?
- 10% salary cuts if couples didn't abide - Fine of up to 10 x salary - Forced abortions and sterilisations - Second children born abroad were fine but could not become Chinese citizens - "Granny Police"- older women in communities gave regular check ups to younger women/ensured contraception was being taken - Rewards for families who stuck to rules: priority housing, pension and family benefits, free education, 5 to 10% salary rise
29
What were the social impacts of the OCP?
- Infanticide/gendercide - Gender skew - Little emperor syndrome - 4:2:1 ratio - Poverty after having to pay fines - Children become lonely - Suicide rates high among women - Psychological trauma - Better health services for women - Bare branches (single men)- leads to more crime and violence
30
What were the economic impacts of the OCP?
- Bigger families needed for farming - 10 x salary fine - Decrease in economically active - 600 million living on under $2 a day - Gender equality in the work place- more people working - Economic burden on only child - Families employing nannies
31
What were the political impacts of the OCP?
- Govt. have to regulate/monitor population - Emancipation of women - Ageing population - 1 in 5 over 60 in Shanghai
32
How has China's population changed since the OCP?
- Reduced growth rate - BR is below replacement level - Unsustainable population structure (from one extreme to the other) - Patriarchal society (boys preferred to girls) - 114 males for 100 females
33
How has the OCP changed?
- To cope with the burden of an ageing population the policy was relaxed - Single children who marry can have 2 children (as long as there is 4 years between each birth) - In Shanghai, all couples can have two children without gaps between the births - New baby boom could put pressure on resources - Some people don't have money for a second child - China is now a career focused society which means fewer people want children
34
What policy has been adopted in Indonesia to control population growth and why has it been adopted?
Transmigration policy Overpopulation led to poverty, lack of jobs and space High level of pollution in Jakarta High population density- lots of shacks/homeless
35
What did the transmigration policy in Indonesia include?
-Moving people from densely populated areas to less/sparsely populated areas such as islands and providing them with basics for 18 months (home/food etc)
36
What was the cost of moving each family in the transmigration scheme in Indonesia?
$7000
37
What policy was used in Kerala to control rapid population growth and how did it slow it down?
Improve education standards - It improved literacy rates among adults to 90%, making them more employable - It fully emancipated women- more girls go to uni than boys and this postpones pregnancy - Families are also given 8 hectares of land- big families are a disadvantage
38
What type of population policy is France using to control its population? What does it do and how does it do it??
A pro natal policy to increase birth rate and lower the dependency ratio by offering people incentives to encourage people to have children.
39
What incentives does France's pro natal policy offer to families?
- Payment of up to £1000 to couples having a 3rd child - Generous maternity grants - Family allowances - La Carte Famille Nombreuse- benefits and reductions on entry fees etc to entertainment venues for large families - 30% far reduction on all public transport for 3 child families - 100% mortgage and preferential treatment in the allocation of 3 bedroom council flats - Pension schemes for mothers - Low childcare costs
40
Why did France introduce its pro natal policy?
- High elderly population - Too many economically dependent - Birth rate lowered from 18 in 1960 to 3 (before policy introduced)
41
Has Frances pro natal policy been successful?
Yes: fertility rate has increased from 1.73 (1992) to 1.98 (2007)
42
What policy is Laviano in Italy using to control population?
Pro natal
43
What incentive is being offered to families in Laviano to have more children?
- £7000 to anyone who has a baby - "cash for babies"
44
Why does Laviano need a pro natal policy?
- Birth rates are falling - Many young people move when they're teenagers - BR of 4 - Most of the population are over 40- healthcare and medicine costs increasing

AS Geography (5 decks)

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