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AS Geography > Food Supply > Flashcards

Food Supply Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of agriculture?

A

The production of food, animal feed and other goods by the growing of crops and rearing of animals

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2
Q

What is the definition of subsidence farming?

A

Where the land will only produce enough for the farmer and their family to live on with very little, if any, left over to sell

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3
Q

GM crops are…

A

Crops that have genes from other plant/animal species inserted in them to produce ‘better versions’

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4
Q

What are the differences in diet for MEDCs and LEDCs?

A
  • MEDCs have a larger amount of sugar
  • LEDCs have a larger amount of cereals
  • MEDCs have a greater amount of meat
  • LEDCs have more pulses
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5
Q

What is food aid?

A

A way of influencing recipient countries whilst at the same time ridding a developed country of surplus foodstuffs

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6
Q

What is trade? (geopolitics)

A

Global trade controlled by MEDCs- they protect their farmers. Agriculture provides a third of export earnings for more than 50 LEDCs

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7
Q

What are TNCs and what do they do?

A

Transnational Corporations have the finances to buy land in LEDCs to be used for the production of cash crops, impacting adversely on local farmers

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8
Q

What are the strategies to increase production?

A
  • The Green Revolution
  • Genetic modification
  • Irrigation & integrated pest management
  • Land colonisation
  • Land Reform
  • Commercialisation
  • Appropriate/intermediate technology solutions
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9
Q

What is The Green Revolution?

A

Movement that started in 1960s resulting in increased yields in developing countries using the High Yield Varieties, fertilisers, pesticides and irrigation. It increased agriculture production worldwide- particularly in the developing world

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10
Q

What were the advantages of the Green Revolution?

A
  • New strains of rice
  • Dwarf varieties grown closer together
  • HYVs withstand crop diseases
  • Shorter growing season meant extra crops could be grown
  • New industry built on providing fertilisers for HYVs
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11
Q

What were the disadvantages of the Green Revolution?

A
  • Increased use of chemicals- damaging to environment
  • Overuse of irrigation- salinisation of the soil
  • Unemployment- rural to urban migration
  • HYVs need more weed control and some strains are more susceptible to pests and disease
  • Biodiversity lost
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12
Q

What is genetic modification?

A

The process of taking DNA from one species and adding it to the DNA of another species

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13
Q

What are the arguments for genetic modification?

A
  • Increase yield
  • Include extra vitamins/nutrients
  • Remove allergic reactions
  • Reduces dependence on chemicals
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14
Q

What are the arguments against genetic modification?

A
  • Cross contamination of crops in adjacent fields
  • Destruction of wildlife from herbicides
  • Long term impacts on health are unknown
  • Development of ‘superbugs’ and ‘superweeds’
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15
Q

What is irrigation?

A

The artificial application of water to soil

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16
Q

What is Integrated Pest Management? (IPM)

A

A process combining various methods including natural predators, mechanical trapping devices and pheromones to disrupt mating

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17
Q

What has been the result of IPM in Argentina?

A

The eradication of the Mediterranean fruit fly using the sterile insect technique (sterlising males so no offspring)

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18
Q

What is land colonisation?

A

Using new areas for agriculture that were not previously used to provide land for subsistence farmers/to grow cash crops

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19
Q

What is land reform?

A

Redistribution of land and transferring land to state ownership

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20
Q

What does land reform eradicate?

A

Food insecurity and rural poverty

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21
Q

What is the land reform programme in Kerala?

A

Families are given 8 hectares of land- a socialist model for boosting local production

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22
Q

What is commercialisation?

A

Supermarkets are sourcing food products directly from developing countries

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23
Q

What can commercialisation lead to and why?

A

A reduction in food crops for resident population as farmers grow cash crops instead

24
Q

What is meant by the term appropriate technology?

A

A level of technology that can be used and maintained by the people using it - appropriate to the land, wealth, skills and resources of those using it

25
Q

What is an example of appropriate technology?

A

The Universal Nut Sheller- a simple hand operated machine that can shell 50kg of nuts an hour - cheap and serves the needs of a village of 2000 people

26
Q

What are the strategies to manage food supply in the EU?

A
  • Subsidies
  • Tariffs
  • Intervention pricing
  • Quotas
  • Non-market policies
  • Environmental stewardship
27
Q

What is the Common Agricultural Policy? (CAP)

A

A policy with the aims of

  • Increasing agricultural productivity
  • Ensuring a fair price and standard of living for farmers
  • Ensuring reasonable prices to consumers
  • Reducing reliance on important foodstuffs
28
Q

What are the problems with the Common Agricultural Policy?

A
  • Food surpluses- farmers paid for production
  • Extensive use of fertilisers & pesticides that damage the environment
  • Farmers paid to maximise production so environment damaged- hedgerows and woodlands removed, wetlands drained
  • Friction between EU & trading partners
29
Q

What are tariffs and the aim when using them?

A 
A tax/duty to be paid on a particular class of imports/exports 
Aim is to keep prices higher for EU farmers by making imports the same price - this protects the EU market and reduces food imports
30
Q

What is intervention pricing do?

A

Produces a guaranteed market for the farmer therefore reducing the need to ‘overproduce’

31
Q

What are quotas and what are they used for?

A

a limited fixed number or amount of certain produce- used to reduce food production

32
Q

Why were quotas imposed on bananas in Ecuador and Honduras in 1990s?

A

To protect colonies but it was ruled unfair by World Trade Organisation so the quotas were dropped

33
Q

What are subsidies and what is the intention of using them?

A

Money paid to farmers to grow certain crops

Intended to make the EU self sufficient

34
Q

What are the problems with subsidies?

A

Over production

- Not enough regulation

35
Q

What does the term ‘set aside’ mean?

A

A term for land that farmers were not allowed to use for any agricultural purpose

36
Q

Why was set aside introduced?

A
  • Ease problems of over production

- Encourage the development of wildlife habitats

37
Q

What has set aside now been replaced by?

A

Single farm payment and the Environmental Stewardship Scheme

38
Q

What is single farm payment?

A

Pays farmers to lower production and the impact of intensive farming - it pays farmers to care for environmental maintenance of their land

39
Q

What are the soil management requirements?

A

From the day after harvest until the last day of February the following year, one/more of these provisions must be met:

  • Stubble of harvested crop remains in the land
  • The land is sown withe temporary cover crop
  • Land is left after harvest with a rough surface
40
Q

What is the aim of the soil management requirements?

A
  • Reduces soil erosion and pollution of nearby streams

- Lowers production

41
Q

What are the 3 types of Environmental Stewardship Schemes?

A
  • Entry Level Stewardship
  • Organic Entry Level Stewardship
  • Higher Level Stewardship
42
Q

What does the Entry Level Stewardship consist of?

A
  • 5 year agreement open to farmers/landowners that aims to tackle countrywide environmental problems
    Management options:
    -Arable land
    -Boundary features: hedgerow/ditch management
    -Buffer strips
    -Encouraging range of crop types
43
Q

What does the Organic Entry Level Stewardship consist of?

A
  • Farmers receive double the payment on the ELS

- Not all the farm has to be organic

44
Q

What does the Higher Level Stewardship consist of?

A
  • Fulfilling all requirements of ELS, primary objective of resource protection and genetic conservation
  • Historic environment, arable land, inter-tidal and coastal, hedgerow maintenance
45
Q

What are the potential problems in the changes in food demand?

A
  • Deforestation/land clearance for cash crops
  • Farmer are reliant on one cash crop
  • Chemical use damages environment
  • Fewer crops in domestic market = shortages
  • Distances of transportation - contribution to climate
46
Q

What does organic produce consist of?

A
  • Crops grown/animals reared to certain standards
  • Involves crop rotation
  • Limited use of pesticides allowed
  • Natural fertilisers used
  • Animals must have space
47
Q

What are the problems with organic produce?

A
  • Yields are lower
  • Produce is more expensive
  • Weeds have to be controlled by hand
  • Labour costs per unit of land are much higher
  • Farms take 2 years to convert to organic
48
Q

What are the 5 big super markets that sell over 70% of food in the UK?

A

Tesco’s, Sainsbury’s, Asda, Waitrose and Morrisons

49
Q

What has been the result of big supermarkets dictating farmers?

A

Smaller retailers have been squeezed out of the market

50
Q

What is making people more interested in locally produced food?

A

Companies that deliver to the customer’s door weekly (Riverford-Devon, Leigh Court Farm)

51
Q

What are TNCs and what do they do?

A

Transnational Corporations

Dominate food businesses in MEDCs

52
Q

What are the problems with TNCs?

A
  • Distortion of local food sources
  • TNCs take profits back to the MEDCs in which they are based
  • Widescale use of pesticides and fertilisers
  • Destruction of traditional agriculture in favour of cash crops
  • Huge waste- requirement of uniformity
53
Q

What is the issue with food miles?

A
  • Carbon dioxide emissions
  • Destruction of vegetation
  • Long distances
54
Q

How can food production be sustainable?

A
  • Using sustainable science and green technology
  • Prioritising domestic food production
  • Pro agricultural research
  • Improving rural infrastructure
  • Off farm employment
  • Adopting sustainable farming practices
  • Minimising post harvest losses by effective storage
  • Reducing food miles
  • Embracing organic farming
55
Q

What is the impact of climate change on food production/supply?

A
  • Global warming increase crop yields at high and mild latitudes
  • More rainfall in North America and China
  • Increased heat stress and evaporation of moisture in lower latitudes can reduce production
  • Africa is likely to suffer the greatest yield reduction

AS Geography (5 decks)

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