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Population Flashcards

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0
Q

Define crude birth rate

A

A measure of an areas fertility. Expressed as no. Of live births per 1,000 people per year.

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1
Q

Define population change

A

The change made up of 3 components- fertility, mortality and migration. This change alters as a consequence of natural growth rate and migration.

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2
Q

Define fertility rate

A

No. Of live births per 1000 women ages 15-49 in one year. Also can be defined as no of children each woman in a population can bear.

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3
Q

Define crude death rate

A

No of deaths per 1000 people per year.

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4
Q

Define infant mortality rate

A

No of deaths of children under the age of 1 year expressed per 1000 live births per year.

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5
Q

Define life expectancy

A

Average number of years from birth that a person is expected to live.

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6
Q

Define annual growth rate

A

Change in the population size causes by interrelationship between birth and death rates. If birth rate exceeds death rate a population will increase.

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7
Q

Define population explosion

A

Sudden very rapid rise in the growth of the population.

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8
Q

Define exponential growth

A

Also known as geometric growth. Means that population doubles each time it grows. Eg 1,2,4,8.

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9
Q

What is the population density?

A

The average number of people per square kilometre.

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10
Q

What does population density tell us?

A

It shows whether an area is sparsely or densely populated.

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11
Q

What is the calculation of population density?

A

Total population / total land area in km2

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12
Q

What is population density determined by?

A

Environmental factors - area more or less attractive to settlers.

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13
Q

What affect the spread of people across the world?

A

Environmental and human factors

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14
Q

What factors attract settlement?

A 
Temperate climate
Low lying flat, fertile land
Good supplies of natural sources 
Good economy
Jobs
Safe
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15
Q

What factors discourage settlement?

A 
Extreme climates- deserts
Highland and mountainous areas
Dense vegetation - amazon rainforest
Political war
Lack of jobs
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16
Q

How and why do population numbers change over time?

A

Births
Deaths
Migration

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17
Q

Are global population levels rising or dying?

A

Rising rapidly

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18
Q

What do population pyramids show?

A

They show the structure of a population by comparing relative numbers of people in different age groups.

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19
Q

What does the DTM stand for?

A

Demographic transition model

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20
Q

What is the DTM?

A

It’s a model of the way that population growth can be divided into a few stages as birth and death rates change over time.

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21
Q

What are the two things that control population growth?

A

Crude birth rate

Death rate

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22
Q

Why it is more difficult to reduce birth rates in LEDCS?

A

Not educated about birth control
Religion prohibits birth control
Want to bring in more income , so have more children.
Lots of babies die , so they keep having to have children.

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23
Q

How is the birth and death rate expressed?

A

Number of live deaths/ births per 1000 of the population per year.

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24
Q

Birth and death rates are an example of what?

A

Natural causes of population change

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25
Q

How do you calculate the natural increase?

A

Birth rate - death rate

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26
Q

MEDCS have what?

A

Low population growth rates
Low death rates
Low birth rates

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27
Q

Fill in the gap:

A population will decline if the death rate is __________ than the birth rate.

A

Greater

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28
Q

Fill in the gap:

A population will increase if the death rate is __________ than the birth rate.

A

Less

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29
Q

In LEDCS what is helping death rates fall?

A

Improving healthcare

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30
Q

What are the birth and death rates like in LEDCS?

A

High

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31
Q

For example if the birth rate of a country is 9/1000 and the death rate is 14/1000 , is the population declining or increasing?

A

Declining as the birth rate is less than the death rate.

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32
Q

Define balanced in terms of population

A

When birth rates equal death rates.

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33
Q

What does the DTM show?

A

The population change over time.

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34
Q

How many stages are there in the DTM?

A

5

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35
Q

Give a brief outline of what happens in stage 1

A

Total population low

Balanced due to high birth and death rates

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36
Q

Give a brief outline of what happens in stage 2

A

Total population rises as death rates fall due to improved health care.
Birth rates still high

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37
Q

Give a brief outline of what happens in stage 3

A

Total population rising rapidly
Gap between birth and death rate narrows due to contraception and less children needed for farming- machinery
Natural increase is high

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38
Q

Give a brief outline of what happens in stage 4

A

Total population is high
Balanced low death and birth rates
Birth control widely available - desire for smaller families

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39
Q

Give a brief outline of what happens in stage 5

A

Total population high
Continued desire for small families
People having children later in life.

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40
Q

Where abouts are MEDCS and LEDCS in the DTM?

A

LEDCS- stage 2/3

MEDCs - stage 4/5

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41
Q

What happens to the gap between the birth and death rate in the DTM ?

A

The gap first widens then narrow.

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42
Q

What happens to the birth rate and death rate in stage 2 of the DTM?

A

They diverge - move away from each other

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43
Q

What happens to the birth rate and death rate in stage 3 of the DTM?

A

They converge- move towards each other.

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44
Q

What happens to the birth rate and death rate in stage 4 of the DTM?

A

The birth and death rates are balanced again but at a much lower level.

45
Q

Define population structure

A

The composition or makeup of a population

46
Q

How is population structure usually shown?

A

Using a population pyramid

47
Q

What can a population pyramid be drawn up for?

A 
Cities
Villages
Towns
Continents
Country
48
Q

What can a population pyramid tell us?

A

How many dependants there are

49
Q

What’s the difference between young and elderly dependants ?

A

Young dependants - under 15

Elderly dependants - over 65

50
Q

What do the dependants rely upon for economic support?

A

The economically active

51
Q

Many LEDCS have a high number of …. Dependants?

A

Young

52
Q

Many MEDCs have a high number of …. Dependants?

A

Elderly

53
Q

A population pyramid that is very triangular shows that what?

A

It’s got a high number of young dependants

Low life expectancy - poor health care

54
Q

A population pyramid that has fairly straight sides shows what?

A

Falling birth rate

Rising life expectancy

55
Q

What do places with ageing population and low birth rates have as a pyramid?

A

Upside down pyramid

56
Q

In 2025 there could be how many people on the planet?

A

8.5 billion

57
Q

Rate of population growth is higher where?

A

LEDCS

58
Q

In LEDCS what is their population issue?

A

Managing a rapid population growth.

59
Q

What’s MEDCs population issue?

A

Slowing down growth

And controlling the ageing population

60
Q

Give five causes of population growth in LEDCS

A
  1. Limited access to family planning services and education about contraception. Or not religiously acceptable.
  2. Children are a valuable source of labours and income for a family. They can work on the land from a young age and earn money in other jobs.
  3. Children can help to take care of older family members
  4. High rates of infant mortality mean that women have more children.
  5. May be traditional to have a large family.
61
Q

What are the problems with a youthful population?

A

Young children need health care

They need to be educated

62
Q

In what year was the one child policy put up?

A

1979

63
Q

What were the benefits received if you only have one child?

A

Education for all

Child care and healthcare

64
Q

What is the biggest issue with the china one child policy?

A

Females ended up homeless or killed or aborted

And men outnumber women by more than 60 million.

65
Q

What is the most recent problem for china?

A

Falling birth rate, so increase of elderly dependants - ageing population

66
Q

The average life expectancy in MEDCs is rising due to?

A

Improved health care and medicine
Improved leisure and activities
Improved knowledge about exercise and balanced diets
Improved living standards and quality of life

67
Q

In the near future what may happen to an aged population?

A

Lack of fewer economically active people to support elderly population

68
Q

To balance out the ageing population what are some countries adopting?

A

A pro- natalist policy by which they encourage people to have children by offering them benefits such as childcare and maternity leave pay.

69
Q

What is being done about an ageing population in the UK?

A

People are encouraged to save for their retirement

Economically active skilled being encouraged

70
Q

Name a place that has a high population density

A

Osaka bay- Honshu Island

71
Q

Where is Osaka bay situated?

A

South Western Coast of Japan.

72
Q

What is Osaka bay’s population density?

A

Over 2000 people per square kilometre.

73
Q

Why is it good that Osaka bay is on a coastline?

A

It makes it easy and cheaper to import sea raw materials such as oil and iron ore.
And to export goods to industrialised markets

74
Q

Describe the climate of Osaka bay and why it’s good

A

It’s sheltered from strong winds

Has deep water channels to allow bulk carries and containers ships to of load raw materials and export goods.

75
Q

What is the land like in Osaka bay?

A

Flat near coast

76
Q

Why is it good that the land is flat in Osaka bay?

A

Easy to build large scale industries such as oil refiners, steel works and manufacturing plants with provide employment opportunities.

77
Q

What famous company is situated in Osaka bay?

A

Panasonic

78
Q

What transport do they have in Osaka bay?

A

Good road and railway networks

79
Q

What have mainly persuaded the people of Osaka to live there?

A

The employment opportunities

80
Q

What are the main populated cities in Osaka bay?

A

Kobe and Osaka

81
Q

Because there is only a limited amount of flat land, what do people do and why is this bad?

A

They have to be housed in high rise apartment blocks which can create an even higher population density.

82
Q

Where is there a low population density?

A

Japanese alps- Honshu Island

83
Q

Where abouts are the mountains of the Japanese alps found?

A

In the centre of Honshu Island.

84
Q

What is the population density of the Japanese alps?

A

Below 100 people per square kilometre.

85
Q

What are the floors like in the hakuba valley that intersect the mountains?

A

Very narrow valley floor

86
Q

Why is it bad there’s not enough flat land in Japanese alps?

A

Can’t grow crops

Can’t Build large settlements

87
Q

What is the climate like in Japanese alps?

A

Extreme climate- high altitude of between 2000-3000 metres produced temperatures 1degree winter and max 10 degree summer. More than 2000mm rainfall.

88
Q

How much rainfall do the Japanese alps have per year?

A

2000mm

89
Q

What is the temperature in winter and summer in Japanese alps?

A

Winter - 1°C

Summer- Max 10°C

90
Q

In the Japanese due to the low temperatures and thin soils which are acidic and infertile what does this mean?

A

Few crops can be grown

Therefore only small population can be supported

91
Q

What are the soils like in the Japanese alps?

A

Thin
Infertile
Acidic

92
Q

What are the areas like in the mountainous regions in Japanese alps?
And why is this not good

A

They’re isolated and covered in forests divided by steep valleys and fast flowing rivers
Makes communication and transport difficult and expensive

93
Q

What percentages of nigers population relies on agriculture for a living?

A

90%

94
Q

Describe the ecosystems found in Niger

A

Desert areas hot and dry

95
Q

Define subsistence farming

A

Means of supporting life by being able to meet ones own basic needs of food, water and shelter

96
Q

Define sedentary farming

A

Farmers who are settled in one particular place

97
Q

Define nomadic farmers

A

Farmers who move place seasonally to find good land for pasture

98
Q

Give economic reasons as to why birth rates are high in niger

A

Majority of nigers population are subsistence who need children to work on land.
Limited availability of contraception

99
Q

Give cultural reasons as to why birth rates are high in niger

A

Women marry early -14 better chance of having large family
Men are allowed more than one wife
Families have children to look after them in old age

100
Q

Why else are the birth rates high In niger?

A

Infant mortality rates are high

101
Q

What country is facing low population growth? And why

A

Russia
High death rates- alcohol, heart disease
Low birth rates- prefer career to children, small families
Migration to other places

102
Q

What country is facing with an ageing population and why? Give impacts

A

Uk
Life expectancy increasing
Less people want big families
Increased taxes, youth working hours increases

103
Q

What is underpopulation?

A

If the number of people living in an area is less than needed to make full use of the resources available.

104
Q

How many people live in Australia?

A

20 million - similar size to USA (30m)

105
Q

What country is facing underpopulation?

A

Australia

106
Q

What problems to underpopulation cause?

A 
Shortage workers
Tax increase
Hard to defend country 
Less development 
Public transport stop
Schools closing
107
Q

Name a country that faces overpopulation

A

Zinder province of Niger

108
Q

What are the problems of overpopulation?

A 
Food shortages
Low income
Malnutrition
Lack of clean water
Lack of health care
No education
109
Q

What country is facing internal migration?

A

Cairo

110
Q

What makes people want to migrate?

A 
Quality of education is low
No access to healthcare
Not enough income
High pop growth
Low pay
111
Q

Why do people want to go to another country what does it benefit them?

A 
Health facilities are better
Many unskilled construction jobs
Higher pay 
Better education
Sewage systems are better

Geography (6 decks)

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