Population Flashcards
What is death rate?
The number of deaths per 1000 people per year
What is birth rate?
The number of live births per 1000 people per year
What is fertility rate?
The average number of children a woman will have within the fertile age
What is infant mortality rate?
The number of children who die before their first birthday, per 1000 live births
What is life expectancy?
The average age a person can expect to live
What is migration rate?
The difference between the number of people who migrate in and the number of people who migrate out per 100,000 of the population
What is population density?
The number of people per square kilometre. Calculated by total population divided by the size of the area
What is natural change in population?
The change in population because of a difference in birth rate and death rate
What is zero growth rate?
When the population is neither increasing nor decreasing
What does the demographic transition model show?
How the population of a country changes over time through stages.
What do the three lines on a DTM model represent?
Birth rate, death rate, population
What are the stages known as?
1-High fluctuating 2-Early expanding 3-Late expanding 4-Low fluctuating 5-Declining
What happens at high fluctuating (stage 1) ?
Birth rate and death rate are high and fluctuating, causing the population to remain low and stable
What factors influence high fluctuating?
High birth rate: no contraception, poor education, high infant mortality
High death rate: low life expectancy, poor healthcare, disease and starvation
Who fits into high fluctuating?
Tribes
What factors influence early expanding?
High birth rate: poor education, no contraception, child labour
Fall in death rates: improved healthcare, sanitation and diet
Who fits into early expanding?
LEDCs such as Afghanistan and Nepal
What happens at late expanding?
Birth rate declines rapidly, death rate continues to fall but steadier - population increase at a slower rate
What factors affect late expanding?
Fall in birth rate: introduction of contraceptives, improvements in education, less child labour, more women work, government schemes (such as China’s one child policy)
What countries fit into into late expanding?
Developing LEDCs eg. BRIC nations
What happens at low fluctuating (stage 4) ?
Birth and death rate slightly fluctuate - population remains stable
Why does low fluctuation occur?
Luxury, material possessions means there’s less money to have children, fewer advantages to having children (eg. child labour)
What countries fit into low fluctuating?
Most MEDCs eg. USA and most of Europe
What happens at declining population (stage 5) ?
Birth rates fall below stable death rates - causing the population to decrease
Why does the birth rate fall (declining) ?
Children are expensive to raise and many people have dependant elderly relatives, so look after them instead
Why does death rate remain steady, despite advances in health care?
There are more elderly people, so more die of old age
What countries are experiencing a declining population?
Japan, Germany, Italy
What happens at early expanding (stage 2) ?
Death rate falls but birth rate remains high causing a population increase
What is a greying population?
When more people live longer so the population live longer
What problems are associated with declining populations (stage 5) ?
- Few children to replace the ageing workforce causing the economy to slow down
- Reduction in spending from a smaller population
- Fewer taxpayers so there’s less money for services
What problems occur within an overpopulated country?
They don’t have enough resources to cope with the rising populations which leads to poverty and famine
Why did the UK’s population fluctuate and remain low between prehistoric times and 1760?
- Poor diet and hygiene
- Diseases such as the Black Death and cholera
- Wars
Why did the population grow rapidly in the 18th and 19th century?
Improvements in farming and medicine reduced hunger and disease. Birth rate remained high but was no longer cancelled out by death rates
What evenst in the 20th century caused death rates to briefly rise?
WW1 and WW2
What is happening in the uk today in regards to the DTM?
Birth rate and death rate are equal
Pensioners outnumber children
What is predicted to happen by 2030 in the UK?
A quarter of the population will be over 65
How is the DTM useful?
- Generalises how population can change
- Its easy to compare different countries
- Helps governments forecast population change and decide on policies
Why has the DTM become dated and often incorrect?
The original data was from developed Western European countries. This often doesn’t fit what happens in other countries that may develop faster
How can culture and religion affect the DTM?
Catholic countries would have higher birth rates as they condemn contraception
Why is it hard to determine the exact time a country will enter a different stage?
There is no time scale to the DTM, as countries enter at different times and progress at different rates
What are some countries doing to combat population issues?
Introducing control policies:
•Encouraging population growth by subsidised childcare
•Discouraging population growth through sterilisation and ‘one child policies’
Why do countries, particularly African countries, have high death rates?
HIV/AIDS, malaria and other infectious diseases kill millions each year
Why is Sudan’s population stalling?
A civil war leads to the death of many men and women of reproductive age. People also flee the country as asylum seekers
What is population structure and how is it represented?
% of males and females in different age groups. Usually shown by horizontal bar graphs with males on the left and females on the right
What does a country’s population structure look like at stage 1?
A wide based triangle, showing a high birth and death rate
What happens between stage 1 and 2 of the DTM to alter the population structure?
Falling death rates cause the triangle to widen towards the top
What happens to the shape of the population structure at stage 3?
Falling birth rates and death rates form a more rectangular shape that curves towards the top
What does a decline in population look like on a population structure?
A large bulge in adults, larger than the amount of children being born
How does internal migration affect population structure?
Young adults move from rural to urban areas in search of opportunity. This is known as brain drain
How can brain drain affect birth rate in rural areas?
With less people of reproductive age in rural areas, less people have children thus reducing birth rate
What are push factors?
Negative things that make people move out of an area
What are pull factors?
Positive factors that attract people to a new place
What are migration obstacles?
Factors that make migration more difficult, like costs or visas
What are migration opportunities?
Opportunities people encounter before they reach their destination, such as jobs
What is the dependency ratio?
Proportion of population that is supported by the working population
What does a high dependency ratio mean?
Greater dependency on workers, LEDCs have high dependency ratios
What is the formula for dependency ratio?
Young people + Old people divided by working population
What are the social implications of an ageing population?
- Pressure on public services - hospitals and hospices
- Population decline
- Longer working life as pensions are altered
What are the economic impacts of an ageing population?
- Reduced work force
- Increased taxes - due to pensions
- Spending - improving economy
What the social impacts of a youthful population?
- Pressure on services - school
* Rapid population growth
What are the economic impacts of a youthful population?
- Too few jobs - causing unemployment
* Increased poverty - children born in to already poor families
How can the elderly affect the politics of a country?
Elderly issues become more important than young adults, so parties direct their policies towards the elderly
How are countries combatting ageing populations?
Encouraging immigration of working people and trying to increase birth rate
How can countries increase birth rate?
Incentives - such as longer maternity leave and child benefit
How is a youthful population managed?
- Controlling birth rate - sterilisation or one child policies
- Limiting immigration
- Encouraging contraception
How does housing alter as you move further away from the inner city?
- Becomes less dense
* Larger individual houses in rural compared to flats in urban
How does ethnicity change as you move further away from the inner city?
High proportion of ethnic minorities in urban areas, decreasing as you move further away
How does age structure alter as you move further away from urban areas?
- Mainly younger people, students and workers, in urban areas
- Families in suburbs
- Mainly elderly in urban
How does wealth alter as you move further away from inner city areas?
- Inner city is home to poorest and wealthiest
* However general rule is that as you move away from city people get wealthier
What sort of employment do you find in inner city areas?
Students, unemployment and semi skilled workers
Why is there a high proportion of tertiary sector workers in rural areas?
Commuter villages allow them to work from home or travel to work
How does the amount of services change as you move away from the city centre?
The inner city has the highest provision of services, gradually declining as you move further away from the city centre
What are the environmental problems in the inner city?
- Old, poor housing provides poor living conditions
- Graffiti, Vandalism and rubbish
- High air pollution
What social problems arise in urban areas?
- Tension between different ethnicities
* High crime rate
What economic problems arise in urban areas?
- Industrial decline leads to high unemployment
* Poverty - which can lead to poor nutrition, health and education
