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Coasts & Population & Skills > Population > Flashcards

Population Flashcards

0
Q

What is death rate?

A

The number of deaths per 1000 people per year

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1
Q

What is birth rate?

A

The number of live births per 1000 people per year

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2
Q

What is fertility rate?

A

The average number of children a woman will have within the fertile age

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3
Q

What is infant mortality rate?

A

The number of children who die before their first birthday, per 1000 live births

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4
Q

What is life expectancy?

A

The average age a person can expect to live

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5
Q

What is migration rate?

A

The difference between the number of people who migrate in and the number of people who migrate out per 100,000 of the population

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6
Q

What is population density?

A

The number of people per square kilometre. Calculated by total population divided by the size of the area

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7
Q

What is natural change in population?

A

The change in population because of a difference in birth rate and death rate

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8
Q

What is zero growth rate?

A

When the population is neither increasing nor decreasing

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9
Q

What does the demographic transition model show?

A

How the population of a country changes over time through stages.

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10
Q

What do the three lines on a DTM model represent?

A

Birth rate, death rate, population

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11
Q

What are the stages known as?

A 
1-High fluctuating
2-Early expanding
3-Late expanding
4-Low fluctuating
5-Declining
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12
Q

What happens at high fluctuating (stage 1) ?

A

Birth rate and death rate are high and fluctuating, causing the population to remain low and stable

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13
Q

What factors influence high fluctuating?

A

High birth rate: no contraception, poor education, high infant mortality
High death rate: low life expectancy, poor healthcare, disease and starvation

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14
Q

Who fits into high fluctuating?

A

Tribes

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16
Q

What factors influence early expanding?

A

High birth rate: poor education, no contraception, child labour
Fall in death rates: improved healthcare, sanitation and diet

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17
Q

Who fits into early expanding?

A

LEDCs such as Afghanistan and Nepal

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18
Q

What happens at late expanding?

A

Birth rate declines rapidly, death rate continues to fall but steadier - population increase at a slower rate

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19
Q

What factors affect late expanding?

A

Fall in birth rate: introduction of contraceptives, improvements in education, less child labour, more women work, government schemes (such as China’s one child policy)

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20
Q

What countries fit into into late expanding?

A

Developing LEDCs eg. BRIC nations

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21
Q

What happens at low fluctuating (stage 4) ?

A

Birth and death rate slightly fluctuate - population remains stable

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22
Q

Why does low fluctuation occur?

A

Luxury, material possessions means there’s less money to have children, fewer advantages to having children (eg. child labour)

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23
Q

What countries fit into low fluctuating?

A

Most MEDCs eg. USA and most of Europe

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24
Q

What happens at declining population (stage 5) ?

A

Birth rates fall below stable death rates - causing the population to decrease

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25
Q

Why does the birth rate fall (declining) ?

A

Children are expensive to raise and many people have dependant elderly relatives, so look after them instead

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26
Q

Why does death rate remain steady, despite advances in health care?

A

There are more elderly people, so more die of old age

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27
Q

What countries are experiencing a declining population?

A

Japan, Germany, Italy

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28
Q

What happens at early expanding (stage 2) ?

A

Death rate falls but birth rate remains high causing a population increase

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29
Q

What is a greying population?

A

When more people live longer so the population live longer

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30
Q

What problems are associated with declining populations (stage 5) ?

A
  • Few children to replace the ageing workforce causing the economy to slow down
  • Reduction in spending from a smaller population
  • Fewer taxpayers so there’s less money for services
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31
Q

What problems occur within an overpopulated country?

A

They don’t have enough resources to cope with the rising populations which leads to poverty and famine

32
Q

Why did the UK’s population fluctuate and remain low between prehistoric times and 1760?

A
  • Poor diet and hygiene
  • Diseases such as the Black Death and cholera
  • Wars
33
Q

Why did the population grow rapidly in the 18th and 19th century?

A

Improvements in farming and medicine reduced hunger and disease. Birth rate remained high but was no longer cancelled out by death rates

34
Q

What evenst in the 20th century caused death rates to briefly rise?

A

WW1 and WW2

35
Q

What is happening in the uk today in regards to the DTM?

A

Birth rate and death rate are equal

Pensioners outnumber children

36
Q

What is predicted to happen by 2030 in the UK?

A

A quarter of the population will be over 65

37
Q

How is the DTM useful?

A
  • Generalises how population can change
  • Its easy to compare different countries
  • Helps governments forecast population change and decide on policies
38
Q

Why has the DTM become dated and often incorrect?

A

The original data was from developed Western European countries. This often doesn’t fit what happens in other countries that may develop faster

39
Q

How can culture and religion affect the DTM?

A

Catholic countries would have higher birth rates as they condemn contraception

40
Q

Why is it hard to determine the exact time a country will enter a different stage?

A

There is no time scale to the DTM, as countries enter at different times and progress at different rates

41
Q

What are some countries doing to combat population issues?

A

Introducing control policies:
•Encouraging population growth by subsidised childcare
•Discouraging population growth through sterilisation and ‘one child policies’

42
Q

Why do countries, particularly African countries, have high death rates?

A

HIV/AIDS, malaria and other infectious diseases kill millions each year

43
Q

Why is Sudan’s population stalling?

A

A civil war leads to the death of many men and women of reproductive age. People also flee the country as asylum seekers

44
Q

What is population structure and how is it represented?

A

% of males and females in different age groups. Usually shown by horizontal bar graphs with males on the left and females on the right

45
Q

What does a country’s population structure look like at stage 1?

A

A wide based triangle, showing a high birth and death rate

46
Q

What happens between stage 1 and 2 of the DTM to alter the population structure?

A

Falling death rates cause the triangle to widen towards the top

47
Q

What happens to the shape of the population structure at stage 3?

A

Falling birth rates and death rates form a more rectangular shape that curves towards the top

48
Q

What does a decline in population look like on a population structure?

A

A large bulge in adults, larger than the amount of children being born

49
Q

How does internal migration affect population structure?

A

Young adults move from rural to urban areas in search of opportunity. This is known as brain drain

50
Q

How can brain drain affect birth rate in rural areas?

A

With less people of reproductive age in rural areas, less people have children thus reducing birth rate

51
Q

What are push factors?

A

Negative things that make people move out of an area

52
Q

What are pull factors?

A

Positive factors that attract people to a new place

53
Q

What are migration obstacles?

A

Factors that make migration more difficult, like costs or visas

54
Q

What are migration opportunities?

A

Opportunities people encounter before they reach their destination, such as jobs

55
Q

What is the dependency ratio?

A

Proportion of population that is supported by the working population

56
Q

What does a high dependency ratio mean?

A

Greater dependency on workers, LEDCs have high dependency ratios

57
Q

What is the formula for dependency ratio?

A

Young people + Old people divided by working population

58
Q

What are the social implications of an ageing population?

A
  • Pressure on public services - hospitals and hospices
  • Population decline
  • Longer working life as pensions are altered
59
Q

What are the economic impacts of an ageing population?

A
  • Reduced work force
  • Increased taxes - due to pensions
  • Spending - improving economy
60
Q

What the social impacts of a youthful population?

A
  • Pressure on services - school

* Rapid population growth

61
Q

What are the economic impacts of a youthful population?

A
  • Too few jobs - causing unemployment

* Increased poverty - children born in to already poor families

62
Q

How can the elderly affect the politics of a country?

A

Elderly issues become more important than young adults, so parties direct their policies towards the elderly

63
Q

How are countries combatting ageing populations?

A

Encouraging immigration of working people and trying to increase birth rate

64
Q

How can countries increase birth rate?

A

Incentives - such as longer maternity leave and child benefit

65
Q

How is a youthful population managed?

A
  • Controlling birth rate - sterilisation or one child policies
  • Limiting immigration
  • Encouraging contraception
66
Q

How does housing alter as you move further away from the inner city?

A
  • Becomes less dense

* Larger individual houses in rural compared to flats in urban

67
Q

How does ethnicity change as you move further away from the inner city?

A

High proportion of ethnic minorities in urban areas, decreasing as you move further away

68
Q

How does age structure alter as you move further away from urban areas?

A
  • Mainly younger people, students and workers, in urban areas
  • Families in suburbs
  • Mainly elderly in urban
69
Q

How does wealth alter as you move further away from inner city areas?

A
  • Inner city is home to poorest and wealthiest

* However general rule is that as you move away from city people get wealthier

70
Q

What sort of employment do you find in inner city areas?

A

Students, unemployment and semi skilled workers

71
Q

Why is there a high proportion of tertiary sector workers in rural areas?

A

Commuter villages allow them to work from home or travel to work

72
Q

How does the amount of services change as you move away from the city centre?

A

The inner city has the highest provision of services, gradually declining as you move further away from the city centre

73
Q

What are the environmental problems in the inner city?

A
  • Old, poor housing provides poor living conditions
  • Graffiti, Vandalism and rubbish
  • High air pollution
74
Q

What social problems arise in urban areas?

A
  • Tension between different ethnicities

* High crime rate

75
Q

What economic problems arise in urban areas?

A
  • Industrial decline leads to high unemployment

* Poverty - which can lead to poor nutrition, health and education

Coasts & Population & Skills (5 decks)

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