Population 2.0 Flashcards
Another factor that leads to a low death rate, more specifically in DCs with low population growth (better nutrition)
[elab]
Elab:
- In DCs, ppl usually enjoy a higher level of income
- Can afford to buy sufficient food and water
- Food shortages also rare here
3 factors that lead to a low BR
- Later marriages
- Fewer marriages
- Preference for smaller families
Why would later marriages lead to a low BR
[elab + evid]
Elab:
- More women have higher academic qualifications
- May choose to pursue career before settling down on a family
> Thus, when marry later, lesser child bearing years, fewer years to have babies
Evid:
- Estonia, people marry at the late age of 35 years
- It has a negative rate of natural increase of -1.7 per 1000 people
Why would fewer marriages lead to a low BR
[elab + evid]
Elab:
- More ppl choose to remain single
- Fewer families, BR will fall
- Few births, no. of young ppl in a population will decrease
Evid:
- Few ppl in Italy marry
- Its marriage per 1000 ppl in 2018 is an estimated of 2.4 which is one of the lowest in the world
- it has a negative rate of natural increase of -2.97 in 2018
Why would the preference of smaller families lead to a low BR
[elab + evid]
Elab:
- Ppl in DCs prefer to have smaller families partially due to the increasing no. of working women
- Found it difficult to balance work and family, hence choose to have fewer children
- May also feel that cost of raising children has increased
- Some couples may even prefer to not have children at all
Evid:
- SG is experiencing a fertility rate of about 1.2 babies per women which signifies a negative rate of natural increase
3 consequences of a low rate of population growth
- Ageing population
- Higher taxes
- Smaller talent pool
Why is an ageing population the consequence of a low rate of population growth
[elab + evid]
Elab:
- These countries often have a growing % of elderly people compared to young ppl
- These countries are said to have an ageing population
- When fewer youths join workforce, burden on working population will increase
Evid: Japan
- Rate of natural increase went from approx. 12.3 ppl/ 1000 in 1971 to approx. -3.8 ppl/ 1000 in 2020
Why are higher taxes the consequence of a low rate of population growth
[elab ]
Elab:
- Projects such as hospitals, community centres are funded by taxes collected from working population
- With shrinking population, fewer ppl in work force
- Thus, each working person would have to pay more taxes to fund public projects such as swimming pools and libraries
Why is a smaller talent pool the consequence of a low rate of population growth
[elab + evid]
Elab:
- Fewer ppl to lead and serve the country
- Problem for countries like SG so we need to attract foreign talent
Evid: SG
- total foreign workforce is an estimated of 1.2 mil
- Foreign workers account for approx. 1/3 of our workforce
It shows that… (link to essay question)
6 actions to manage a low rate of population growth
- Encourage marriage and childbearing
- Meeting the needs of the elderly + building special facilities
- Helping the elderly keep healthy
- Encouraging families to look after the elderly
- Extend working life
- Encourage financial planning
How does encourage marriage and childbearing manage a low rate of population growth
[elab + examples (not evid tho)]
Elab:
- Govt can encourage more ppl to get married and for them to, in turn, have more children
- e.g women who have children are given more tax rebates so the amount of taxes they pay is reduced
- Can also encourage the setting up of more child care centres to look after children when parents at work
How does meeting the needs of the elderly + building special facilities manage a low rate of population growth
[elab]
Elab:
- Ageing population, greater demand for healthcare and other elderly friendly services
- Hence, more clinics and hospitals that specialise in the care of illnesses specific to the elderly would have to be built
- The need for homes catering to the elderly and other elderly-friendly facilities will also need to be increased
How does helping the elderly keep healthy manage a low rate of population growth (not very strong point ._.)
[elab + evid]
Elab:
- Impo. for elderly to keep healthy and active both physically and mentally
Evid:
- SG, this is promoted through posters and TV programs
- Exercise classes and courses for lifelong learning at CCs are also organised for them
How does encouraging families to look after the elderly help manage a low rate of population growth
[elab + evid]
Elab:
- Elderly have impo. role to play in society as they have years of exp.
- Thus, families should take it upon themselves and take care of elderly
- Various community programs and govt incentives can help encourage this
Evid:
- e.g, in SG, family ties are promoted through various privileges and tax subsidies for families that support their parents and grandparents
How does extending working life manage a low rate of population growth
[elab]
Elab:
- To lessen the burden on the working class, the elderly
encouraged to remain in the workforce
- So no. of ppl in the workforce will not decrease too drastically
- If not, burden will fall on the working population to support the elderly
