Population Flashcards
Birth rate (BR)
no. of live births per 1000 people per year.
Death rate (DR)
No. of deaths per 1000 people per year
rate of natural increase
calculated by subtracting DR from BR
What would result in the rate of natural increase being positive?
- BR > DR
- Increase in population
What would result in the rate of natural decrease being negative?
- DR > BR
- Decrease in population
What are the 2 factors influencing population distribution
- Physical environment
2. Level of technology
Features of an ideal physical environment, and give examples of these places
- Fertile soil
- Climate is not extreme
> (not too hot, cold or dry) - Nile Delta in Egypt
- Ganges River Delta between India and Bangladesh
unideal physical climate
- Mountains (harsh climate)
- too hot/ cold/ dry (not favourable for the cultivation of crops/ sustainable to live in)
What does the ‘level of technology’ refer to and the benefits of a high level of technology
To meet ppl’s needs:
- Knowledge
- Skill
- Tools
Environments previously unsuitable can be converted to a suitable living environment
Example of a place with high level of technology
elab + evid
Elab: ppl can live in desert if water can be channelled from a river to their living environment.
Evid: Las Vegas in the U.S.A, is a city located within a deserted region. Advances in tech have enabled water to be transported to various places through pipes and canals.
Calculate population density?
Total no. of ppl [Divided by] total land area
What are the 3 age groups and age range in regards to the population pyramid
- Young dependent
- 0-14 - Working population
- 15-64 - Elderly dependent
- 65
How to describe a population pyramid?
[Tip: follow the SLAB thing :) ]
- Describe the shape
- Triangular
- Rectangular
- Bee hive - Which category of the population is the largest
- youth and children/ young dependent
- Working population
- Elderly/ Elderly dependent - Describe the base
- Narrow, which indicates a low BR (rectangular & bee hive)
- Broad, which indicates a high BR (Triangular) - Describe the tip/ apex
- Narrow, indicates a low life expectancy rate (triangular)
- Broad, indicated a high life expectancy rate (rectangular, bee hive)
Causes of high rate of population growth
- Low DR
- High BR
Factors that lead to a low death rate
- Better medical and health care
2. Better hygiene
Better medical and health care
[Define medical and health care, how it affects infant mortality rate + link]
Medical care:
- Refers to the ~avaliability~ of hospitals, clinics, doctors and medical knowledge
Health care:
- Refers to ~immunisation~. Nutritional knowledge, the availability of community hospitals and other measures
Babies
- Enabled many babies to survive beyond their first year
- Thus, the infant mortality rate decreased when fewer babies below the age of one die, for every 1000 live births per year
Link: This is aimed at improving the quality of life
Examples to show that having better medical and health care would lead to a lower death rate
(Hint: Infant morality rate + life expectancy)
India
- Infant mortality rate decreased from 66 to 35 per 1000 live births
- Life expectancy increased from 63 yrs to 68 yrs from 2000 to 2015
Better hygiene
[elab (cause & effect) + evid]
Elab
Cause:
- Living conditions are clean and hygienic
Effect:
- In many countries, the DR has greatly decreased when there was a supply of clean water, and when the environment is clear of disease-carrying pests
- Ppl are less prone to falling sick and contracting diseases
Evid
- The life expectancy in Bangladesh increased from 65 yrs to 70 yrs from 2000 to 2010
4 factors that lead to a high birth rate
- Lack of family planning
- Early marriages
- Preference for sons
- Need for farm labour
Lack of family planning
[ elab + evid + link]
Elab:
- Family planning refers to how many children a couple plans to have.
- In many LDCs, ppl are less educated and know little about family planning methods.
Evid: Bangladesh
- Ppl like Taslima, who are sent by family planning agencies, were to educate the ppl on family planning and give them free contraceptives
- 1972, average of 7 babies per women
- 2012, average 2.2 babies per women
Link:
- By raising awareness about the need to control family size, the number of babies per women decreased
OR
- This shows that the lack of family planning would lead to a high birth rate
Preference for sons
[elab + evid + link]
Elab:
- Some rural parts of China or India place a lot of importance on having sons.
- They see sons capable of carrying on the family name or surname when they marry while daughters are not.
- Couples may end up having many children because of deep-rooted traditional beliefs and values, or religious beliefs
Evid:
- For example, in India, some Hindu ceremonies require sons to perform religious rituals for parents.
Link:
- Thus, couples may continue to have children till they succeed to get a son.
Early marriages
[ elab + evid + link]
Elab:
- Couples who marry at an early age tend to have larger families than those who marry at a later age.
- This is because the number of childbearing years for a woman who marries earlier is higher.
Evid:
- Sharavasti, India
Link:
- Hence, in countries where people marry young, such as those parts of India, the birth rates tend to be high
Need for farm labour
[ elab + evid]
Elab:
- Ppl in many LDC depend on farming to earn a living
- farm work requires much labour and large families are thus preferred as there will be more hands to work on the land
Evid:
- Liberia is one of the most reliant countries in agriculture in the world.
- Almost 77% of it’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is agriculture
5 consequences of a high rate of population growth
- High demand for resources
- Higher demand for housing
- Higher demand for education
- Higher demand for jobs
- Environmental problems
Higher demand for resources
[ elab + evid + link]
Elab:
- With more ppl, the demand for resources such as food and water also increases
- Many LDCs suffer from shortage of food because not enough food is being produced to feed the rapidly growing population
Evid:
- 34% of India’s population is undernourished
Link: (address the question)
- Thus many ppl suffer from malnutrition and starvation
Higher demand for housing
[ elab + evid]
Elab:
- Rapid increase in population would result in competition for housing
- This is especially so in cities of LDCs which have insufficient housing for its growing population
- Ppl result to living in slums and squatter settlements
Evid:
- Manila, Smoky mountain
- Community living on dumping site
- This is due to the lack of housing available for the large population in the city
Higher demand for education/ lack of educational opportunities
[ elab + evid + link]
Elab:
- with more babies born every year, there is a need to ensure that there are sufficient schools and teachers to educate the young
- LDCs may lack the funds to build more schools
Evid:
- Mexico City
- a lot of children like Juan who are not able to attend school
- This is because of the lack fo support and help from the government
Link:
- As a result, not everyone will be able to attend school and obtain a good education
2 actions taken to control a high rate of population growth
- Education on family planning
2. Incentives and penalties
How does education on family planning control high population growth?
- Taught various methods to control family size
e. g. In Bangladesh, women from family planning agencies have been sent to rural areas to educate ppl and give advice on family planning
How does incentives control a high rate of population growth
[ elab + evid]
Elab:
- Rewards in the form on monetary incentives may be given to couples who have fewer children
Evid:
- When the SG anti-natalist policy was implemented
- Births per 1000 ppl in 1960-1980 went from 39 to 17
How does penalties control a high rate of population growth
[ elab + evid]
Elab:
- Those couples with more children would be penalised, for example by having to pay higher taxes
Evid:
- China’s ‘one child policy’ was implemented in 1979
in response to its rapid population growth
- More than one child had to pay heavy fines to the government
