Population Flashcards
birth rates
number of births per thousand per year
death rates
number of deaths per thousand per year
international migration
movement of people from one country to another
What is natural population change?
birth rate - death rate
What is the relationship between birth & death rates?
- if birth rate is higher, death rate of population may rise
- if death rate is higher, birth rate of population may fall
What is net migration?
difference between immigration & emmigration
total population change = natural population change +/- net migration
What factors cause high death rates?
Physical
* natural disatsers
* extreme climate
Social
* disease/infection
* alcoholism/smoking
* war
* poor healthcare
* conflict
* poor nutrition
What factors cause low death rates?
better healthcare & better trained doctors
good food supply
better education about healthy lifestyle
better access to clean water & sanitation
What factors cause high birth rates?
- lack of access to contraception/some religions against it
- children raised to care for grandparents/work
- in some countries, women get married younger & are expected to have more children
What factors cause low birth rates?
Social
* women have careers so less children
* couples in richer countries may marry later so have less children
* better access to contraception
Economic
* children are expensive
* children aren’t needed to help with family business/care for grandparents
population pyramids
show age & gender structure of a population
What features does a population pyramid for LEDCs have?
- steep sides - high death rate, due to war, lack of healthcare, lack of clean water supply, lack of food & nutrition
- numbers of ecnomocially active are low - lack of economic immigration & economic emmgiration
- life expectancy & old dependents are low (pyramid tapers towards top) - poor healthcare, lack of clean water, poor quality housing & war
- birth rates & number of young dependents are high (wide base) - lack of contraception, religous objections to contraception, children used for labour/caring for elderly relatives, lack of education about family planning
What features does a population pyramid for MEDCs have?
- tall population (life expectancy is high) - better healthcare & better trained doctors, a good food supply, better access to clean water & sanitation, good quality housing
- narrow base (low birth rates) - better access to contraception, children are expensive, children aren’t needed for family business/ caring for elederly
DTM
Demographic Transition Model
* shows how population structure changes as a country develops
What happens in stage 1 of the DTM?
- high death rate
- high birth rate
- fluctuating population
What happens in stage 2 of the DTM?
- birth rates stay high
- death rates start to fall
- total population starts to increase
What happens in stage 3 of the DTM?
- low death rates
- birth rates start to rapidly decline
- total population still increasing
What happens in stage 5 of the DTM?
- birth rates fall again
- death rates increase very slightly
- population starts to decrease very slightly
What happens in stage 4 of the DTM?
- low birth rate
- low death rate
- total population is stable
fertility rate
average number of children a female will have
migration
movement of people
internal migration
movement of people within a country
rural to urban migration
movement of people from countryside areas to cities
counter urbanisation
movement of people from urban areas to rural areas
immigration
people migrating into a country
emigration
people migrating out the country
economic migrant
people who move for a better life for them and their families
What are the push factors for internal migration-rural to urban migration?
lack of job oppurtunities
poverty
lack of access to food/water
lack of education
lack of services
famine
What are the pull factors for internal migration-rural to urban migration?
job oppurtunities
better access to food/water
better education
better services
better public transport
better healthcare
What are push factors for internal migration - counter urbanisation?
overcrowding
pollution
litter
high price of living
traffic congestion
What are pull factors for internal migration - counter urbanisation?
lower living prices
quieter
less traffic
less pollution
scenic
family links
more space
What are push factors for forced migration?
war
persecution
natural disaster
refugee
person who has been forced to leave their country to escape war, persecution or natural disaster
asylum seeker
person who has left their home country as a political refugee & is seekinf asylum in another country
population density
number of people per square km
population distrubution
way people are spread out across an area
What features do areas with sparse population have?
extreme climate
mountainous
lack of job oppurtunities
agricultural land
no coast (limited trade)
unstable government/war
steep land (unable to build houses)
limited access to education/health services
What features do areas with dense population have?
job oppurtunities
moderate climate
flat land
access to food/clean water
less vegetation
availability of fossil fuels
fertile soil
stable government/no war
access to education/healthcare services
What features do areas with evenly distrubuted population have?
modern/grid cities
flat land
What features do areas with unevenly distrubuted population have?
uneven/mountainous terrain
access to raw materials
