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CAIE AS Level Core Human Geography > Population > Flashcards

Population Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Birth rate?

A

The number of live births per 1000 of the population per year

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2
Q

What is death rate?

A

The number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year

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3
Q

What is infant mortality rate?

A

The number of infant deaths under 1 year of age per 1000 live births a year

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4
Q

Natural Increase

A

When the birth rate is higher than the death rate leading to an increase in the total population

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5
Q

Fertility rate

A

The average number of children that a woman will have during her lifetime.

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6
Q

Natural Change

A

Birth rate- death rate. Shows whether a country’s pop. is increasing or decreasing.

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7
Q

Natural decrease

A

When the death rate is higher than the birth rate leading to a decrease in the total population

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8
Q

Life expectancy

A

The average number of years a person is expected to live

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9
Q

Child mortality rate

A

The number of infant deaths under 5 years of age per 1000 live births a year

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10
Q

What is net migration?

A

The permanent change of a residence of an individual or group of people. It is the balance between immigration and emigration.

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11
Q

What is a population pyramid?

A

A graph which shows age, gender and population numbers of a city or country in a year.

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12
Q

Who are the economically active population?

A

People of working age (16-24 years old) who contribute to the economy.

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13
Q

Who are the dependents in the population?

A

People who are <15 years and >65 years who are supported by the economically active.

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14
Q

What does the shape of the base of the pyramid tell us?

A

If the base is wide, birth rate is high but if its narrow the BR is low or declining.

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15
Q

What does the middle of the pyramid tell us?

A

About DR and migration.

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16
Q

What does the shape of the pyramid tell us about death rate?

A

If the pyramid is concave it tells us the death rate is probably quite high, if the pyramid is convex it tells us death rate is probably quite low.

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17
Q

What does the shape of the top of the pyramid tell us?

A

A narrow apex tells us the life expectancy is not that high which would be more typical of LICs.

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18
Q

What do population structure indices provide?

A

A quantitative way of comparing population structures- objective.

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19
Q

What does the dependency ratio tell us?

A

How many dependents (0-15 and 65+) are reliant upon the economically active population (16 to 64).

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20
Q

What is the dependency ratio formula?

A

Young dependent+ Old dependents / Working population x 100

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21
Q

What does the support ratio show?

A

How many dependents there are for every 100 economically active people

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22
Q

What is the support ratio formula?

A

Working population / Young dependents + Old dependents x 100

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23
Q

What is the sex ratio?

A

The number of males per 100 females.

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24
Q

What is a resource?

A

Any part of the environment that can be used to meet human needs e.g. food, water and shelter.

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25
Q

What is the consumption triangle?

A

The relationship between population growth, resources and economic development

26
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

The result of deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in the consumption of nutrients.

27
Q

Why does famine occur?

A

As a result of food insecurity which leads to an increase in the DR.

28
Q

When does food security exist?

A

Where everyone has access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food enabling them a healthy and active life.

29
Q

What are the 3 aspects of food security?

A

Food availability, food access and food use

30
Q

What is food availablity?

A

Sufficient quantities of food available on a consistent basis.

31
Q

What is food access?

A

Having sufficient resources to obtain appropriate foods for a nutritious diet.

32
Q

What is food use?

A

The ability to prepare and cook food for yourself to ensure a good diet.

33
Q

What does a population policy include?

A

All of the measures taken by a government aimed at influencing its population.

34
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

The largest population that the resources of a given environment can support without causing damage to the environment for future generations.

35
Q

What advances in technology can increase carrying capacity?

A

Vertical farming, GM crops, hydroponics, machinery, transport, robots and AI.

36
Q

What are some consequences of exceeding the carrying capacity?

A

Soil erosion, water shortage, pollution (+type), species extinction, resource depletion, war, famine, decline in biodiversity.

37
Q

What can resources be classified as?

A

Human or natural.

38
Q

What can natural resources be?

A

Renewable or non renewable (fuel or non- fuel minerals)

39
Q

What has happened to the global economy in recent decades?

A

Growth has had a big impact on the environment. Many resources are running out and water sinks are becoming full.

40
Q

What is happening to the natural world?

A

The natural world can no longer support the existing economy, much less

41
Q

How is climate change affecting the natural world?

A

Rising temperatures, sea level rise, drought, flooding.

42
Q

What is ecological footprint?

A

The amount of land and water a population requires to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb its waste under prevailing technology.

43
Q

What is ecological footprint measured in?

A

Global hectares (gha)

44
Q

What does the calculation of ecological footprint take into account?

A

Arable land- the amount of land required for growing crops
Pasture land- resources required for growing animals for meat, milk etc.
Forests- for fuel, furniture and buildings, and also for ecosystem services like climate stability and erosion prevention.
Oceans- for fish and other marine products.
Built up land- transportation, factories and housing, based on the built up land used for these needs.
Carbon- land required for absorbing CO2 emissions and other energy wastes.

45
Q

What is not taken into account in the ecological footprint calculation?

A

Species extinction and toxic pollution of the air, water and land are not yet taken into account.

46
Q

What is the ecological footprint influenced by?

A

The size of a country’s population
The level of demand of goods and services in a country (standard of living)
Environmental exploitation

47
Q

When does overpopulation occur?

A

When the available resources are unable to sustain the population living here.

48
Q

What will overpopulation cause?

A

Low income per person
Unemployment and underemployment
Out migration (Emigration)

49
Q

When does underpopulation occur?

A

When there are too few people in an area to use all the resources efficiently for the current level of technology.

50
Q

What could underpopulation cause?

A

High per person incomes
Low unemployment
In migration (Immigration)

51
Q

What is optimum population?

A

The population which, given available resources and skills in a particular area, produces greatest GNP.

52
Q

What is Standard of Living based on?

A

Based primarily on income and what that level of income will allow a person to buy in the way of neccessities and luxury goods.

53
Q

What is quality of life?

A

The general wellbeing of individuals and societies so includes factors that contribute to people’s happiness.

54
Q

What is development?

A

An increase in the total value of goods and services produced by a country, leading to an improvement in the people’s welfare, quality of life and social well-being.

55
Q

What is the Brandt line?

A

A line which separates countries in the rich north from the poorer south.

56
Q

Why is the Brandt line no longer used?

A

It is too simplistic as countries like China and India are no longer seen as poor. middle Eastern countries like Saudi Arabia and the UAE are also developed and rich.

57
Q

What was Malthus’ view?

A

-That the availablity of food is the main limit to population growth.
-The human population, if not controlled, would increase to a level beyond which the land could support it.

58
Q

What are ‘positive checks’?

A

Checks that serve to increase death rates, keeping the population balanced with the resources available.

59
Q

What are some examples of ‘positive checks’?

A

Famine, poverty, disease and even war, as humans resorted to fighting to gain acess to diminishing food supplies.

60
Q

What are ‘preventative checks’?

A

Measures involving ‘moral restraint’ that reduce fertility through the practice of abstinence and delayed marriage.

CAIE AS Level Core Human Geography (2 decks)

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