Migration

Question 1

What is migration?

Answer 1

The permanent change of residence of an individual or group of people.

Question 2

Why has migration significantly increased recently?

Answer 2

Globalisation, population growth and political factors such as conflict.

Question 4

What is international migration?

Answer 4

The movements of people across international frontiers (from one country to another) for a minimum period.

Question 5

What is an emigrant?

Answer 5

Someone who leaves a country

Question 6

What is an immigrant?

Answer 6

Someone who moves into a country.

Question 7

What is in-migration?

Answer 7

the term usedto describe the movementof migrants INTOa region/country

Question 8

What is out-migration?

Answer 8

a term usedto describe the movementof migrants OUT OFa region/country

Question 9

What is net migration?

Answer 9

the balance between people moving into a region/country and the people moving out of that region/country

Question 10

What is internal migration?

Answer 10

People moving from one place to another within a country.

Question 11

What does internal migration include?

Answer 11

Rural-Urban Migration, Urban-Rural Migration, Intra-urban migration and inter-urban migration.

Question 12

What is intra-urban migration?

Answer 12

Movement within an urban area

Question 13

What is inter-urban migration?

Answer 13

Movement from one urban area to another.

Question 14

What is the source/origin?

Answer 14

the place the migrants have come from

Question 15

What is the destination?

Answer 15

the place the migrants arrive in

Question 16

What is a migration stream?

Answer 16

a flow of migrants from a common source area to the same destination.

Question 17

What is distance decay?

Answer 17

The number of migrants tends to decline as distance between the source area and the area of destination increases.

Question 18

Why is distance decay becoming less significant?

Answer 18

Improvements in transportation and ICT.

Question 19

What are the components of population change and their sub-components?

Answer 19

Net migration which includes immigration and emigration.
Natural change which includes birth rate and death rate

Question 20

What is forced migration?

Answer 20

Migration due to racial, religious or political reasons in the source area which would put the migrant at risk if they remained.

Question 21

What are some physical causes of forced migration?

Answer 21

Natural disaster- Typhoon Haiyan , Climate Change- rising sea levels Maldives and Venice, Ecological and environmental change e.g. over farming, soil erosion, the Amazon rainforest.

Question 22

What are some human causes of forced migration?

Answer 22

Nuclear disaster/ radiation e.g. Chernobyl, disease- the Plague, development projects- 3 gorges dam, ethnic cleansing e.g. Hitler, Uyghurs in China, human trafficking-Afghanistan, War- Syria, Ukraine, Famine- South Sudan.

Question 23

What is voluntary (economic) migration?

Answer 23

Choosing to move due to negatives in the source area and positives in the destination area.

Question 24

What are push factors?

Answer 24

Negative factors which tend to move people away from their source area.

Question 25

What are pull factors?

Answer 25

Positive factors which encourage people to move to a destination. The decision to move is generally no made for one reason alone.

Question 26

What are some push factors/

Answer 26

unemployment/underemployment, lack of services- education, medical care (health clinics, cost, medicines), low pay, high crime, food shortages/ high cost of food, extreme climate, issues with human rights, prone to natural disasters, corruption.

Question 27

What are some pull factors?

Answer 27

Employment opportunities, better services, medical care (health clinics, cost, medicines), higher pay, lower crime, better food security, cheaper food, better human rights record, less prone to natural disasters, less corruption.

Question 28

Why would pull factors often be ‘perceived’ rather than ‘real’?

Answer 28

• Imperfect information
• Unrealistic hopes and dreams, ‘Streets paved with gold’
• Distortion of information by the media of the Government
• Friends or contacts at the destination may exaggerate
• Information out of date. Time lag in information.
• Push factors are so bad it makes the pull factors seem so much better.
• Cultural or language barriers makes is hard to assimilate culturally.

Question 29

What is a constraint to migration?

Answer 29

Something that limits or restricts movement, so slowing migration down but not halting it.

Question 30

What are some examples of constraints to migration?

Answer 30

cost, access to transport, pull of family/friends, need to apply for visa

Question 31

What is an obstacle to migration?

Answer 31

An obstacle blocks the migrant or hinders their progress, but they can eventually get through/ over it

Question 32

What are some examples of obstacles to migration?

Answer 32

mountains, oceans, no visa/passport.

Question 33

What is a barrier to migration?

Answer 33

prevents movement so will prevent migration

Question 34

What are some examples of barriers to migration?

Answer 34

a wall, laws

Question 35

What is rural-urban migration?

Answer 35

The movement of people from the countryside to the towns and cities.

Question 36

What is stepped migration?

Answer 36

When migrants move from a rural area to a small town to a regional city then a major city. The migrants are moving up the settlement hierarchy

Question 37

What is intra-urban migration?

Answer 37

A small scale type of migration occurring over short distances within one urban area e.g. Rio south zone to Barra de Tijuca (suburb)