Migration Flashcards
What is migration?
The permanent change of residence of an individual or group of people.
Why has migration significantly increased recently?
Globalisation, population growth and political factors such as conflict.
What is international migration?
The movements of people across international frontiers (from one country to another) for a minimum period.
What is an emigrant?
Someone who leaves a country
What is an immigrant?
Someone who moves into a country.
What is in-migration?
the term usedto describe the movementof migrants INTOa region/country
What is out-migration?
a term usedto describe the movementof migrants OUT OFa region/country
What is net migration?
the balance between people moving into a region/country and the people moving out of that region/country
What is internal migration?
People moving from one place to another within a country.
What does internal migration include?
Rural-Urban Migration, Urban-Rural Migration, Intra-urban migration and inter-urban migration.
What is intra-urban migration?
Movement within an urban area
What is inter-urban migration?
Movement from one urban area to another.
What is the source/origin?
the place the migrants have come from
What is the destination?
the place the migrants arrive in
What is a migration stream?
a flow of migrants from a common source area to the same destination.
What is distance decay?
The number of migrants tends to decline as distance between the source area and the area of destination increases.
Why is distance decay becoming less significant?
Improvements in transportation and ICT.
What are the components of population change and their sub-components?
Net migration which includes immigration and emigration.
Natural change which includes birth rate and death rate
What is forced migration?
Migration due to racial, religious or political reasons in the source area which would put the migrant at risk if they remained.
What are some physical causes of forced migration?
Natural disaster- Typhoon Haiyan , Climate Change- rising sea levels Maldives and Venice, Ecological and environmental change e.g. over farming, soil erosion, the Amazon rainforest.
What are some human causes of forced migration?
Nuclear disaster/ radiation e.g. Chernobyl, Disease- the Plague, Development projects- 3 gorges dam, Ethnic cleansing e.g. Hitler, Uyghurs in China, human trafficking-Afghanistan, War- Syria, Ukraine, Famine- South Sudan.
What is voluntary (economic) migration?
Choosing to move due to negatives in the source area and positives in the destination area.
What are push factors?
Negative factors which tend to move people away from their source area.
What are pull factors?
Positive factors which encourage people to move to a destination. The decision to move is generally no made for one reason alone.
What are some push factors/
unemployment/underemployment, lack of services- education, medical care (health clinics, cost, medicines), low pay, high crime, food shortages/ high cost of food, extreme climate, issues with human rights, prone to natural disasters, corruption.
What are some pull factors?
Employment opportunities, better services, medical care (health clinics, cost, medicines), higher pay, lower crime, better food security, cheaper food, better human rights record, less prone to natural disasters, less corruption.
Why would pull factors often be ‘perceived’ rather than ‘real’?
- Imperfect information
- Unrealistic hopes and dreams, ‘Streets paved with gold’
- Distortion of information by the media of the Government
- Friends or contacts at the destination may exaggerate
- Information out of date. Time lag in information.
- Push factors are so bad it makes the pull factors seem so much better.
- Cultural or language barriers makes is hard to assimilate culturally.
What is a constraint to migration?
Something that limits or restricts movement, so slowing migration down but not halting it.
What are some examples of constraints to migration?
cost, access to transport, pull of family/friends, need to apply for visa
What is an obstacle to migration?
An obstacle blocks the migrant or hinders their progress, but they can eventually get through/ over it
What are some examples of obstacles to migration?
mountains, oceans, no visa/passport.
What is a barrier to migration?
prevents movement so will prevent migration
What are some examples of barriers to migration?
a wall, laws
What is rural-urban migration?
The movement of people from the countryside to the towns and cities.
What is stepped migration?
When migrants move from a rural area to a small town to a regional city then a major city. The migrants are moving up the settlement hierarchy
What is intra-urban migration?
A small scale type of migration occurring over short distances within one urban area e.g. Rio south zone to Barra de Tijuca (suburb)
What is an IDP?
An internally displaced person- forced to migration within a countries borders due to factors including war, political instability disease etc.
What is a diaspora?
large group of migrants in different country e.g. could be strong Mexican diaspora in Illinois- Chicago
