Population Flashcards
What is birth rate?
The average number of births per 1000 people in the total population
What is death rate?
the average number of deaths per 1000 people in the total population
What is life expectancy?
The average number of years a person can expect to live
What is infant mortality?
The number of deaths of children (under the age of 5) for every 1000 live births
What is dependency ratio?
How many people depend on the workforce (children and elderly who depend on those who work) for their livelihood
Dependent population relative to independent population
Formula:
(Percentage of population under 15 and over 65 / percentage of working age) x 100
What is fertility rate?
The average number of children that would be born to a women in her lifetime
What is growth rate?
Shows how fast or slow a population grows
Brith rate - death rate = growth rate
BR > DR -> grow
BR = DR -> stay the same
BR < DR -> shrink
What is overpopulation?
Exceeding of certain limits in terms of population density and when the environmental resources fail to meet the requirements of the individual organisms for shelter, nutrition, etc.
Rising mortality and morbidity
What is underpopulation?
Reduction of the human population cause by factors such as: pandemics, war, disease, famine, low fertility rate or emigration
What are some reasons for rapid population growth?
Usually LIC growing at extreme rates
After an Industrial Revolution more people move to cities and with a high density of people, there is a higher birth rate
Lots of births as a result of religion, child labor, high child mortality rates, etc
Improved medical care
What are the consequences and causes of overpopulation?
More births in an area that cannot support more people
Not enough resources to support the amount of people (energy, food, medical care, housing, education, living conditions, etc)
What are causes and consequences of underpopulation?
Pandemics/wars can cause loss of population
Generally developed countries have lower BR (more food, resources to export, good living conditions, high incomes, better medical care (contraception), etc)
What can cause high birth rates?
No birth control or family planning
High infant mortality rate -> parents tend to have more kids
Children needed to work on the land
Religious beliefs encourage large families
Lot of women of reproductive age
What causes high death rates?
Disease
Famine/uncertain food supplies/poor diet
Poor hygiene
No sewage or clean water
Little medical care
What is stage one of the demographic transition model?
Very high, fluctuating birth rates
What is stage 2 on the demographic transition model?
Birth rates are very high and death rates are falling quickly
Result of:
Better health care
Improved water supply and sanitation
Improved food production
Improved transport
Decrease in infant mortality
What is stage 3 on the demographic transition model?
Birth rates falling quickly and death rates falling slowly
Result of:
Birth rate:
Family planning+contraceptives available
Lower infant mortality (less child labor)
Increased industrialisation (less laborers)
Increased demand from material goods
Women’s careers and opportunities -> less need to have children
Pensions -> children don’t need to pay for parent retirement
Government -> one child policy
What is stage 4 on the demographic transition model?
Birth rates continue to fall slowly and death rates falling very slowly
Birth and death rates are relatively low -> steady population
How has HIV/AIDS affected birth and death rates?
ZIMBABWE
Higher crude death rates -> doubled between 1992-2002
Total fertility went down -> by 1/3 between 1984-1988 and 2001-2005
Medication has become more accessible, making the impact less noticeable over time
-> still greatly affects economy and people
What is migration?
Movement from one place to another
Ex: people moving from Mexico to the US for more opportunities
What is immigration?
Movement of people into an area
What is emigration?
Movement of people out of an area
What is voluntary migration?
When someone chooses to leave their home.
Usually in search of a better economic of housing opportunity
What is forced migration?
When people have to migrate due to a threat to their wellbeing in their home (harder to migrate this way because most cannot afford paperwork for EU or HIC countries)
Causes: conflict, repression, environmental factors, religious persecution, slavery
What are asylum seekers?
Someone who is seeking international protection on the basis that they are in danger (war, race, religion) and their paper haven’t processed yet
Not all asylum seekers become refugees
What are refugees?
Someone who is legally recognized as fleeing a country, and have their papers processed
All refugees were at one point asylum seekers
What is an economic migrant?
Someone seeking an improved standard of living
What is internal migration?
the movement of people within a country
Reasons:
High density -> low density
Or
Low density -> high density
In search of better economic or housing opportunities
Avoid natural disasters, civil war, demographics
What is international migration?
the movement of people from one country to another
What are pull factors?
Factors (can be environmental, social, economic, political) that draw migrant to an area
Ex:
Provide safety, opportunity, stability, freedom
What are push factors?
Factors (environmental, social, economic, political) which push a migrant out of an area
Ex:
Poverty
Fear
Disasters
Unemployment
What are the effects of migration on the source country?
Positive:
Reduces population pressure
If they return they bring back more experienced workers
Migrants may send back remittances
Negative:
Loss of workers and people to do housework
Loss of educated people
Leave behind elderly and children
What are the effects of migration on the receiving country?
Positive:
Source of labor
More multicultural
Negative:
Tensions with the locals (different culture, pressure on jobs and housing)
Migrant send back remittances
What after the effects of migration on the migrants?
Positive:
Chance at better life
Safe from danger
Negative:
Leave their support group (friends and family)
Might need to learn a language and adapt to culture
New repressions as an immigrant
How is population structure structured (population pyramid graph) in LIC’S and HIC’s? How are they used?
LIC:
Pyramid shape -> high birth rates (thicker bottom) and high death rates (smaller top)
HIC:
Rectangular shape -> less births (smaller bottom) and less deaths (bigger top)
Used to compare countries
How much did the population grow between 1950-2010?
Tripled
Population explosion
Between 1960 and 2010 -> doubled
Predicted to have 11 billion 2100
What are some reason population growth might slow?
Decline in birth rates
Decline in death rates
Why do LICs tend to have higher death and birth rates?
Less contraceptives and family planning
Higher infant mortality rate -> more births in hopes of more children
Disease
Famine
Poor hygiene
Little medical help
Youth dependent population
Bad living conditions
Why do HICs tend to have lower birth and death rates?
Better medical care
Contraceptives
Better farming
Stable and wealthier population
Elderly dependent population -> damage economy -> more taxes need to be paired for pensions
What is distribution?
The way people are spread across the earths surface
What is density?
The number of people living in a given area-usually measured by km^2
What factors influence density?
PHYSICAL:
Higher in areas with:
Flat plains/grassland
River valleys
Foothills of active volcanos
Evenly distributed rainfall
No temp extremes
High sunshine or snowfall (tourism)
Fertile soil (river or volcano)
Minerals (natural resources generally)
Reliable water source
HUMAN:
Higher in areas with:
Ports
Good infrastructure
Industrial areas
Tourism
Money for new tech industry
Government investment
Housing opportunities
Education, health entertainment
Retirement areas
Safe government
