Population

Question 1

What is birth rate?

Answer 1

The average number of births per 1000 people in the total population

Question 2

What is death rate?

Answer 2

the average number of deaths per 1000 people in the total population

Question 3

What is life expectancy?

Answer 3

The average number of years a person can expect to live

Question 4

What is infant mortality?

Answer 4

The number of deaths of children (under the age of 5) for every 1000 live births

Question 5

What is dependency ratio?

Answer 5

How many people depend on the workforce (children and elderly who depend on those who work) for their livelihood

Dependent population relative to independent population

Formula:
(Percentage of population under 15 and over 65 / percentage of working age) x 100

Question 6

What is fertility rate?

Answer 6

The average number of children that would be born to a women in her lifetime

Question 7

What is growth rate?

Answer 7

Shows how fast or slow a population grows

Brith rate - death rate = growth rate

BR > DR -> grow
BR = DR -> stay the same
BR < DR -> shrink

Question 8

What is overpopulation?

Answer 8

Exceeding of certain limits in terms of population density and when the environmental resources fail to meet the requirements of the individual organisms for shelter, nutrition, etc.

Rising mortality and morbidity

Question 9

What is underpopulation?

Answer 9

Reduction of the human population cause by factors such as: pandemics, war, disease, famine, low fertility rate or emigration

Question 10

What are some reasons for rapid population growth?

Answer 10

Usually LIC growing at extreme rates

After an Industrial Revolution more people move to cities and with a high density of people, there is a higher birth rate

Lots of births as a result of religion, child labor, high child mortality rates, etc

Improved medical care

Question 11

What are the consequences and causes of overpopulation?

Answer 11

More births in an area that cannot support more people
Not enough resources to support the amount of people (energy, food, medical care, housing, education, living conditions, etc)

Question 12

What are causes and consequences of underpopulation?

Answer 12

Pandemics/wars can cause loss of population
Generally developed countries have lower BR (more food, resources to export, good living conditions, high incomes, better medical care (contraception), etc)

Question 13

What can cause high birth rates?

Answer 13

No birth control or family planning

High infant mortality rate -> parents tend to have more kids

Children needed to work on the land

Religious beliefs encourage large families

Lot of women of reproductive age

Question 14

What causes high death rates?

Answer 14

Disease

Famine/uncertain food supplies/poor diet

Poor hygiene

No sewage or clean water

Little medical care

Question 15

What is stage one of the demographic transition model?

Answer 15

Very high, fluctuating birth rates

Question 16

What is stage 2 on the demographic transition model?

Answer 16

Birth rates are very high and death rates are falling quickly

Result of:
Better health care
Improved water supply and sanitation
Improved food production
Improved transport
Decrease in infant mortality

Question 17

What is stage 3 on the demographic transition model?

Answer 17

Birth rates falling quickly and death rates falling slowly

Result of:
Birth rate:
Family planning+contraceptives available
Lower infant mortality (less child labor)
Increased industrialisation (less laborers)
Increased demand from material goods
Women’s careers and opportunities -> less need to have children
Pensions -> children don’t need to pay for parent retirement
Government -> one child policy

Question 18

What is stage 4 on the demographic transition model?

Answer 18

Birth rates continue to fall slowly and death rates falling very slowly

Birth and death rates are relatively low -> steady population

Question 19

How has HIV/AIDS affected birth and death rates?

Answer 19

ZIMBABWE
Higher crude death rates -> doubled between 1992-2002
Total fertility went down -> by 1/3 between 1984-1988 and 2001-2005

Medication has become more accessible, making the impact less noticeable over time
-> still greatly affects economy and people

Question 20

What is migration?

Answer 20

Movement from one place to another
Ex: people moving from Mexico to the US for more opportunities

Question 21

What is immigration?

Answer 21

Movement of people into an area

Question 22

What is emigration?

Answer 22

Movement of people out of an area

Question 23

What is voluntary migration?

Answer 23

When someone chooses to leave their home.
Usually in search of a better economic of housing opportunity

Question 24

What is forced migration?

Answer 24

When people have to migrate due to a threat to their wellbeing in their home (harder to migrate this way because most cannot afford paperwork for EU or HIC countries)

Causes: conflict, repression, environmental factors, religious persecution, slavery

Question 25

What are asylum seekers?

Answer 25

Someone who is seeking international protection on the basis that they are in danger (war, race, religion) and their paper haven’t processed yet Not all asylum seekers become refugees

Question 26

What are refugees?

Answer 26

Someone who is legally recognized as fleeing a country, and have their papers processed All refugees were at one point asylum seekers

Question 27

What is an economic migrant?

Answer 27

Someone seeking an improved standard of living

Question 28

What is internal migration?

Answer 28

the movement of people within a country Reasons: High density -> low density Or Low density -> high density In search of better economic or housing opportunities Avoid natural disasters, civil war, demographics

Question 29

What is international migration?

Answer 29

the movement of people from one country to another

Question 30

What are pull factors?

Answer 30

Factors (can be environmental, social, economic, political) that draw migrant to an area Ex: Provide safety, opportunity, stability, freedom

Question 31

What are push factors?

Answer 31

Factors (environmental, social, economic, political) which push a migrant out of an area Ex: Poverty Fear Disasters Unemployment

Question 32

What are the effects of migration on the source country?

Answer 32

Positive: Reduces population pressure If they return they bring back more experienced workers Migrants may send back remittances Negative: Loss of workers and people to do housework Loss of educated people Leave behind elderly and children

Question 33

What are the effects of migration on the receiving country?

Answer 33

Positive: Source of labor More multicultural Negative: Tensions with the locals (different culture, pressure on jobs and housing) Migrant send back remittances

Question 34

What after the effects of migration on the migrants?

Answer 34

Positive: Chance at better life Safe from danger Negative: Leave their support group (friends and family) Might need to learn a language and adapt to culture New repressions as an immigrant

Question 35

How is population structure structured (population pyramid graph) in LIC’S and HIC’s? How are they used?

Answer 35

LIC: Pyramid shape -> high birth rates (thicker bottom) and high death rates (smaller top) HIC: Rectangular shape -> less births (smaller bottom) and less deaths (bigger top) Used to compare countries

Question 36

How much did the population grow between 1950-2010?

Answer 36

Tripled Population explosion Between 1960 and 2010 -> doubled Predicted to have 11 billion 2100

Question 37

What are some reason population growth might slow?

Answer 37

Decline in birth rates Decline in death rates

Question 38

Why do LICs tend to have higher death and birth rates?

Answer 38

Less contraceptives and family planning Higher infant mortality rate -> more births in hopes of more children Disease Famine Poor hygiene Little medical help Youth dependent population Bad living conditions

Question 39

Why do HICs tend to have lower birth and death rates?

Answer 39

Better medical care Contraceptives Better farming Stable and wealthier population Elderly dependent population -> damage economy -> more taxes need to be paired for pensions

Question 40

What is distribution?

Answer 40

The way people are spread across the earths surface

Question 41

What is density?

Answer 41

The number of people living in a given area-usually measured by km^2

Question 42

What factors influence density?

Answer 42

PHYSICAL: Higher in areas with: Flat plains/grassland River valleys Foothills of active volcanos Evenly distributed rainfall No temp extremes High sunshine or snowfall (tourism) Fertile soil (river or volcano) Minerals (natural resources generally) Reliable water source HUMAN: Higher in areas with: Ports Good infrastructure Industrial areas Tourism Money for new tech industry Government investment Housing opportunities Education, health entertainment Retirement areas Safe government