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Geogrpahy Igcse > Population > Flashcards

Population Flashcards

1
Q

What is birth rate?

A

The average number of births per 1000 people in the total population

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2
Q

What is death rate?

A

the average number of deaths per 1000 people in the total population

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3
Q

What is life expectancy?

A

The average number of years a person can expect to live

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4
Q

What is infant mortality?

A

The number of deaths of children (under the age of 5) for every 1000 live births

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5
Q

What is dependency ratio?

A

How many people depend on the workforce (children and elderly who depend on those who work) for their livelihood

Dependent population relative to independent population

Formula:
(Percentage of population under 15 and over 65 / percentage of working age) x 100

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6
Q

What is fertility rate?

A

The average number of children that would be born to a women in her lifetime

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7
Q

What is growth rate?

A

Shows how fast or slow a population grows

Brith rate - death rate = growth rate

BR > DR -> grow
BR = DR -> stay the same
BR < DR -> shrink

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8
Q

What is overpopulation?

A

Exceeding of certain limits in terms of population density and when the environmental resources fail to meet the requirements of the individual organisms for shelter, nutrition, etc.

Rising mortality and morbidity

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9
Q

What is underpopulation?

A

Reduction of the human population cause by factors such as: pandemics, war, disease, famine, low fertility rate or emigration

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10
Q

What are some reasons for rapid population growth?

A

Usually LIC growing at extreme rates

After an Industrial Revolution more people move to cities and with a high density of people, there is a higher birth rate

Lots of births as a result of religion, child labor, high child mortality rates, etc

Improved medical care

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11
Q

What are the consequences and causes of overpopulation?

A

More births in an area that cannot support more people
Not enough resources to support the amount of people (energy, food, medical care, housing, education, living conditions, etc)

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12
Q

What are causes and consequences of underpopulation?

A

Pandemics/wars can cause loss of population
Generally developed countries have lower BR (more food, resources to export, good living conditions, high incomes, better medical care (contraception), etc)

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13
Q

What can cause high birth rates?

A

No birth control or family planning

High infant mortality rate -> parents tend to have more kids

Children needed to work on the land

Religious beliefs encourage large families

Lot of women of reproductive age

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14
Q

What causes high death rates?

A

Disease

Famine/uncertain food supplies/poor diet

Poor hygiene

No sewage or clean water

Little medical care

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15
Q

What is stage one of the demographic transition model?

A

Very high, fluctuating birth rates

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16
Q

What is stage 2 on the demographic transition model?

A

Birth rates are very high and death rates are falling quickly

Result of:
Better health care
Improved water supply and sanitation
Improved food production
Improved transport
Decrease in infant mortality

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17
Q

What is stage 3 on the demographic transition model?

A

Birth rates falling quickly and death rates falling slowly

Result of:
Birth rate:
Family planning+contraceptives available
Lower infant mortality (less child labor)
Increased industrialisation (less laborers)
Increased demand from material goods
Women’s careers and opportunities -> less need to have children
Pensions -> children don’t need to pay for parent retirement
Government -> one child policy

18
Q

What is stage 4 on the demographic transition model?

A

Birth rates continue to fall slowly and death rates falling very slowly

Birth and death rates are relatively low -> steady population

19
Q

How has HIV/AIDS affected birth and death rates?

A

ZIMBABWE
Higher crude death rates -> doubled between 1992-2002
Total fertility went down -> by 1/3 between 1984-1988 and 2001-2005

Medication has become more accessible, making the impact less noticeable over time
-> still greatly affects economy and people

20
Q

What is migration?

A

Movement from one place to another
Ex: people moving from Mexico to the US for more opportunities

21
Q

What is immigration?

A

Movement of people into an area

22
Q

What is emigration?

A

Movement of people out of an area

23
Q

What is voluntary migration?

A

When someone chooses to leave their home.
Usually in search of a better economic of housing opportunity

24
Q

What is forced migration?

A

When people have to migrate due to a threat to their wellbeing in their home (harder to migrate this way because most cannot afford paperwork for EU or HIC countries)

Causes: conflict, repression, environmental factors, religious persecution, slavery

25
Q

What are asylum seekers?

A

Someone who is seeking international protection on the basis that they are in danger (war, race, religion) and their paper haven’t processed yet

Not all asylum seekers become refugees

26
Q

What are refugees?

A

Someone who is legally recognized as fleeing a country, and have their papers processed

All refugees were at one point asylum seekers

27
Q

What is an economic migrant?

A

Someone seeking an improved standard of living

28
Q

What is internal migration?

A

the movement of people within a country

Reasons:
High density -> low density
Or
Low density -> high density

In search of better economic or housing opportunities
Avoid natural disasters, civil war, demographics

29
Q

What is international migration?

A

the movement of people from one country to another

30
Q

What are pull factors?

A

Factors (can be environmental, social, economic, political) that draw migrant to an area

Ex:
Provide safety, opportunity, stability, freedom

31
Q

What are push factors?

A

Factors (environmental, social, economic, political) which push a migrant out of an area

Ex:
Poverty
Fear
Disasters
Unemployment

32
Q

What are the effects of migration on the source country?

A

Positive:
Reduces population pressure
If they return they bring back more experienced workers
Migrants may send back remittances

Negative:
Loss of workers and people to do housework
Loss of educated people
Leave behind elderly and children

33
Q

What are the effects of migration on the receiving country?

A

Positive:
Source of labor
More multicultural

Negative:
Tensions with the locals (different culture, pressure on jobs and housing)
Migrant send back remittances

34
Q

What after the effects of migration on the migrants?

A

Positive:
Chance at better life
Safe from danger

Negative:
Leave their support group (friends and family)
Might need to learn a language and adapt to culture
New repressions as an immigrant

35
Q

How is population structure structured (population pyramid graph) in LIC’S and HIC’s? How are they used?

A

LIC:
Pyramid shape -> high birth rates (thicker bottom) and high death rates (smaller top)

HIC:
Rectangular shape -> less births (smaller bottom) and less deaths (bigger top)

Used to compare countries

36
Q

How much did the population grow between 1950-2010?

A

Tripled
Population explosion

Between 1960 and 2010 -> doubled
Predicted to have 11 billion 2100

37
Q

What are some reason population growth might slow?

A

Decline in birth rates
Decline in death rates

38
Q

Why do LICs tend to have higher death and birth rates?

A

Less contraceptives and family planning
Higher infant mortality rate -> more births in hopes of more children
Disease
Famine
Poor hygiene
Little medical help
Youth dependent population
Bad living conditions

39
Q

Why do HICs tend to have lower birth and death rates?

A

Better medical care
Contraceptives
Better farming
Stable and wealthier population
Elderly dependent population -> damage economy -> more taxes need to be paired for pensions

40
Q

What is distribution?

A

The way people are spread across the earths surface

41
Q

What is density?

A

The number of people living in a given area-usually measured by km^2

42
Q

What factors influence density?

A

PHYSICAL:
Higher in areas with:
Flat plains/grassland
River valleys
Foothills of active volcanos
Evenly distributed rainfall
No temp extremes
High sunshine or snowfall (tourism)
Fertile soil (river or volcano)
Minerals (natural resources generally)
Reliable water source

HUMAN:
Higher in areas with:
Ports
Good infrastructure
Industrial areas
Tourism
Money for new tech industry
Government investment
Housing opportunities
Education, health entertainment
Retirement areas
Safe government

Geogrpahy Igcse (6 decks)

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