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Geogrpahy Igcse > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

What is development?

A

The progress that a country makes to improve the quality of life for it population and make a country more independent
Not smooth and continuous -> can fluctuate and will over time

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2
Q

Define quality of life

A

A group of subjective evaluation of life -> ex: happiness
All components are linked -> ex: health and environment is dependent on income, which affects happiness

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3
Q

What are some different things that could effect quality of life?

A

Physical
Water supply, housing, power and heat, climate, diet, nutrition

Social
Family and friends, education, health

Psychological
Happiness, security, freedom

Economic
Income, job, standard of living

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4
Q

What can further development in a country?

A

Investment in:
Agriculture
Food supply/health
Power supplies for rural area
Access to education for females
Literacy rates

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5
Q

What can hinder development in a country?

A

War or conflict
Disease
Disasters
Economic recession

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6
Q

What is the cycle of wealth?

A

Key development indicators

Economic development:
economic wealth (more people work and earn more)-> disposable income + governmental taxes -> other+ governmental taxes from disposable income -> increased business profits -> profits + taxes=investment -> development -> repeat

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7
Q

What are some measure of national income?

A

GDP/ capita

GNP/capita

PPP

GNI

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8
Q

What is GDP/ capita?

A

Total value of goods and services produced within a country in a year divided bu population

Dividing by population -> accurate comparisons
But doesn’t show variation
Can’t know how it is spent

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9
Q

What is GNP/capita?

A

The value of the products and services produced by citizens both domestically and internationally (no income of foreign residents)

Used when comparing the population (the people of the country??)
Doesn’t take into account cost of living

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10
Q

What is PPP?

A

Measures how much you would need to spend in one country to get the same goods and services as in another country

Used to even discrepancy in GNP

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11
Q

What is GNI?

A

Value of a country’s economic production and income of received from abroad

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12
Q

What do measure of national incomes fail to show?

A

The wealth distribution/gap
Government investment into the people
Where the investment is going
And levels of development vary locally, nationally and internationally -> fails to show that

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13
Q

What is HDI?

A

Created by UN in 1990
Measures disparities between countries using 5 indicator:
Life expectancy at birth
Average years of school (adult 25 years)
Expected years of school
GNI/capita

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14
Q

How does HDI score and group countries?

A

4 groups:
Very high human development (VHHD)
High human development (HHD)
Medium human development (MHD)
Low human development (LHD)

Scored on a scale from 0-1
Higher score -> higher development + quality of life
Highest: Norway (0.957), Lowest: Niger (0.394)

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15
Q

What is the GINI coefficient index?

A

Used to analyse the distribution of wealth and identify countries where wealth distribution is most unequal (fill in gaps messed by GNP and HDI)

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16
Q

How is the GINI coefficient index measured?

A

On a scale 0-1 or as a percentage
High score -> unequal
Low score -> equal

Average -> 0.24-0.63
Highest inequality -> South Africa, Central Africa, Namibia, Zambia, Suriname
Lowest inequality -> Czech Republic, Croatia

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17
Q

What does transparency international measure?

A

Political corruption (highly impacts development and welfare-> money isn’t invested into the people and instead those in power take it)

Transparency international
Scores 180 on public sector corruption
Scored out of 100
High -> less corruption (ex: 85+ Denmark New Zealand, Finland, Singapore)
Low -> more corruption (ex; 15- Somalia, Syria, South Sudan)

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18
Q

What are the 4 stages of development (according to the UN)?

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A

Least developed countries
Developing countries
Newly industrialized countries
Developed countries

19
Q

What is a development gap?

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A

Difference in levels of development between most and least developed countries

20
Q

What factors could lead to a development gap?

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A

Geography:
Landlocked countries
Small countries
Extreme climates
Extreme landscapes

Natural resources:
No security of supply
Very important, but reliance on imports could be a problem
Water, forest, fossil fuels, soil, rocks, minerals, animals, etc

Demography:
Population structure of the country (birth rates and death rates)
Migration

Technology:
Increase water food and energy security
Mechanisation of farming
Improved land surveying
Efficiency

Social:
Education
Healthcare
Equality

Government policies:
Stability and effectiveness of government
Democratically elected -> generally more development
Government economic policies -> open economy, more development

21
Q

What is the cumulative causation theory?

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A

Explanation for differences of development within a country

Growth in core regions (new large businesses) -> more jobs -> attract workers (increased population) and investment (increased in core areas due to demand) -> average income increases + increased taxes + investment -> outer regions lose workers and investment -> gap grows between the two -> growth spread to the outer regions due to demand in raw materials

22
Q

What are the 3 stages of regional inequality?

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A

Pre-industrial age -> regional difference are at lowest
Period of rapid economic growth -> increasing regional differences
Regional economic convergence -> where wealth from the core spread

23
Q

What are causes of regional inequality?

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A

Residence:
Urban areas -> greater investment

Ethnicity:
Discrimination towards ethnic groups
Lower income that dominant groups
Reduces opportunites to certain groups

Employment:
Formal employment -> usually higher income and benefits
Informal employment -> usually lower income and benefits

Education:
Higher level of education -> higher paying jobs

Land ownership:
Inequalities in land ownership -> linked to inequalities in income

24
Q

What is economic activity?

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A

production, purchase or selling of goods and services

25
What are the 4 sectors of economic activity?
Primary sector (raw materials -> mining, fishing, farming) Secondary sector (production -> factory workers, clothing, steel, production) Tertiary sector (services -> nurses, lawyers, teachers, shop assistants, chefs) Quaternary sector (knowledge -> scientist, researchers, development) Can be indicators of development
26
How are economic sectors used as a indicator of economic development?
See how much each sector contributes to GDP or the percentage of the population they employ
27
What are the 3 stages of development, using economic sectors?
Pre-industrial period: Primary sector dominates Increase in secondary and tertiary Country developed -> reliance on primary decreases Industrial period: Secondary sector increases to become dominant then decreases Tertiary increase Primary decreases Post-industrial period: Tertiary and quaternary sector increase Secondary and primary decreases Tertiary sector dominates
28
What causes the change in percentage employed by each sector?
Increased mechanisation in agriculture (decrease in primary sector jobs) People move to urban areas (secondary and tertiary sectors) Increased mechanization and global changes (decrease in secondary employment) Technological improvements (increase in tertiary and quaternary sectors)
29
What is globalisation?
Where the world becomes more interconnected through economics, culture, politics, trade, and tourism (also environmental -> ex: global warming)
30
What is time-space compression?
Places seem closer together and more interconnected due to improvements in transport and communications Past -> trade take weeks to years, modern -> trade and communication almost instantaneous
31
What has increased globalisation in recent times?
Removal of political borders -> countries are more interdependent, powerful countries affect the world world Growth of regional economic and trading blocs Improvements in technology and communications (WWW and internet -> faster, deeper and longer) Development of transport (faster transport)
32
What is another word for connections (in terms of globalisation)?
Network flows
33
Development has created a global economy with many connections/network flows -> what are they?
Trade: Import and export of raw materials, food, services, etc. Aid: Mostly economic Developing countries invest in education, health infrastructure, etc. Foreign investment: Directly or indirectly -> business opportunites Labor: Labor migration -> important to economy Information: Fast date transfer and communication
34
What are commodity chains?
Stages involved in manufacturing goods
35
What does economies of scale entail?
Cost per item reduces when operated on a large scale Transport improvements -> cost reduced and moved quicker Labour cost -> cheaper in emerging/ developing countries, also reduced legal restrictions
36
How can foreign investment help a country?
Individuals and firms invest: Call centers in India Investment into country -> local people trained, buildings, taxes Service provided to donor country Moving manufacturing from developed -> less developed countries China is main area for manufacture Investment into china to produce goods Good sent back to original country Investment into the people (labor or expertise) Surgeons from USA -> Australia Investment into development attracts labor -> contradiction in Dubai attracts Indian immigrants Research and development -> motor industry (ex: tesla) Investment via aid Rebuild from disaster Ukraine -> aid provided after war Fund to gouvernement (may lead to corruption) Goods and services directed to affected areas + refugee camps
37
What is a TNC?
Trans National Corporation Operate in foreign countries individually and not through a centralised management system Very important in global economies
38
What role do TNC play in the global economy?
Government and countries set rules for global economy -> TNCs are main investors TNCs involved in all economic sectors -> impact global economy Largest TNCs represent biggest % of total global production TNCs directly invest in one country -> later expand to developing countries Some only look to expansion of business and not harmony with operating country (need to pleased shareholders) Process of moving manufacturing results in development of emerging economies and countries
39
What is the overall impact of globalisation on people?
Cost and benefits for all Poorest tend to gain the least and lose the most, but argued that they would be worse off without it Provides job opportunites Income and investments from TNCs
40
What are benefits and cost of globalisation at a local level?
Benefits: Cheaper products and greater choice Multicultural Bigger market Education improves Freedom of movement Spread of tech and ideas Higher standards of living Better infrastructure, food, water, health Gender equality and pay gap close Cost: Local business cannot compete Labor drain Dependence on TNC for employment (TNC becomes very important-> TNC close many lose jobs) Worker exploitation Environmental cost
41
What are benefits and cost of globalisation at a national level?
Benefits: Higher level of incoming revenue (tourism, exports) Improved healthcare, infrastructure, social care, education TNC offer apprenticeships Cost: Increased disparity Many benefits limited to urban areas TNC control majority of workforce (blacklisting) Environment impact Growth of slums
42
What are benefits and cost of globalisation at a international level?
Benefits: Skilled workers can easily go between countries Higher income Higher quality of life Access to side levels of research and skills International trade Foreign investment Cost: Loss of biodiversity Movement of people (usually those who are skilled) Increased development gap TNC usually don’t consider local identities
43
What are some benefits presented by TNC to a country?
Brings skills, opportunities, money, tech Brings investment -> increased development Infrastructure us improved Creates jobs (buy more -> more taxes) Multipliers effect (business creates jobs -> more money spent -> increased profits -> other business employ more -> more spending and taxes -> gouvernement invest -> more business)
44
What are some cost presented by a TNC to a country?
Pays low wages for long hours General exploitation TNC -> lots of power -> if they leave can leave economy highly damaged Leak -> profits are taken to open new businesses Ignore environmental and social impact Jobs may not provide any new skills

Geogrpahy Igcse (6 decks)

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