Population

Question 1

Population density

Answer 1

the number of people in a given area. The total population in a
country or region divided by its area (people/km2).

Question 2

Population distribution

Answer 2

the way people are spread out in an area.

Question 3

Crude birth rate

Answer 3

the number of births per 1000 people (CBR).

Question 4

Crude death rate

Answer 4

the number of deaths per 1000 people (CDR).

Question 5

Natural increase

Answer 5

The difference between the birth rate and death rate. Natural increase will occur if birth rate is higher than death rate. Natural increase = CBR – CDR.

Question 6

Demographic transition

Answer 6

model to describe how population changes over time due to changes in birth & death rates.

Question 7

Family planning

Answer 7

where families receive advice about how to control births and access healthcare such as contraception.

Question 8

Migration

Answer 8

the movement of people into an area.

Question 9

International migration

Answer 9

when people move from one place to another

Question 10

Internal migration

Answer 10

movement of people inside a country.

Question 11

Forced migration

Answer 11

when people are forced to leave an area due to natural disasters, war etc.

Question 12

Emigration

Answer 12

When people leave an area

Question 13

Immigration

Answer 13

When people move into an area

Question 14

Positive net migration

Answer 14

when more people move into an area than leave an area.

Question 15

Negative net migration

Answer 15

when more people leave an area than move into an area.

Question 16

Life expectancy

Answer 16

How long people in certain countries are expected to live.

Question 17

age dependency

Answer 17

percentage of population that depend on economic support (e.g. pension for the elderly, school for the young).

Question 18

Population pyramids

Answer 18

age & sex structure of a population can be shown in this type of graph, factors control the shape, birth & death rates & migration.

Question 19

Bangladesh overpopulation case study

Answer 19

High birth rate of 23 per 1000
85% of Bangladesh’s population is muslim and some religious leaders do not encourage the use of contraception which also increases birth rates to be higher
Since many work in agriculture birth rates can be high so that children can help with farmwork.
More people than resources can handle.

Consequences
Many exist on low wages and as a result GDP per capita is very low at around $1700 which isn’t enough for a good standard of living.
40% of the population is unemployed.
Healthcare is poor e.g. infant mortality rate is 5.07%.

Question 20

Austrailia underpopulation case study

Answer 20

Small population of only 21.7 million and a massive land area. Gives it one of the world’s lowest population densities.
Only a population increase of 1.15% per year.
Experiences high rates of emigration

Consequences
Australia has large reserves of natural resources. Exports earnings of $200 billion annually.
High GDP per capita ($41,300)
99.9% literacy rate (good education services).

Question 21

An anti-natalist policy case study (China)

Answer 21

Between 1979-2015
Needed as the population went out of control (1960s).
Carrot and stick approach. If you agree you get the carrot which is meant to be a reward and if you don’t agree you get the stick which is a punishment e.g. 10%-25% of annual salary or jobless.

Consequences
300 - 400 million births prevented.
Worked, birth rates fell
90% of the abortions were female as due to traditional preferences for boys.
Eventually the government became settled and people could have as many as they liked (come 2021).

Question 22

Gambia youthful population case study

Answer 22

A large proportion is under 18.
1 in 10 children die in infancy in Gambia.
Larger families are seen as a sign of security.

Consequences
Lack of sanitation and unhygienic conditions.
Fertility rates of 5.3 children per woman, families lack resources to provide for so many children.
Gambia’s schools are overcrowded. A school in Banjul has 3000 students but only 26 classrooms.

Question 23

Japan country with low rates of population growth case study.

Answer 23

Fertility rate fallen from 2.1 to 1.36.
One of the lowest birth rates in the world.
Cultural preference for one child

Consequences
Fewer people being added to the population which means less economically active people in the future.
Can impact the economy as less money is being put towards the government.
When birth rates fall very low there may need to be an increase in immigration. Japanese do not favour high rates of immigration and can be difficult for migrants e.g. language.

Question 24

Botswana HIV/AIDS case study (no seven mark question for Botswana)

Answer 24

35-38% of the population are infected (2nd highest rate of HIV infection in the WORLD).
Only 18% of people in Botswana are married.
Lack of doctors/nurses.

Consequences
Life expectancy has fallen from 65 (1991) to 58 (2011)
⅓ of Botswana’s workforce is infected
Most affected group is working class

Question 25

Brazil internal migration case study

Answer 25

Why -
Middle income and high income countries have been rapidly rising since the 1950’s.
80% of Brazilians live in cities.

Factors -
Push factors
Quality of life is low.
Poor healthcare.
Schools are crowded.
Pull factors
Better chance of a job.
Better quality of life.
Better education and healthcare.

Question 26

Western and eastern China sparsely and densely populated

Answer 26

Western China -
Not enough money is put towards the west.
Desert from Mongolia to China is called Gobi.
Not enough people.

Eastern China -
More jobs
Largest port in the world.
Large income
Sanitary and hygienic
Better quality of life

Question 27

A country with a high
dependent population Gambia or Japan

Answer 27

Quick notes as it is explained in other flashcards

Japan has an older population which means family need to care for those who are older. Same but the other way round for Gambia (youthful population structure)

Question 28

A rapidly growing urban area in a developing country and migration to it - Brazil case study

Answer 28

Location and background:
Rio is in the southeast coast of Brazil.
It had a population of 6.9 million in 1960 but it now stands at 13.4 million in 2019
Push factors:
High infant mortality due to lack of clean water, electricity, sewerage and medical care
Housing in rural areas is even worse than in the city.
Lack of schools, shops, etc.
Pull factors:
Better job prospects and higher wages in the city.
More schools, doctors and other services in the city.
Successful migrants encourage people to join large corporations located in the city.
Effect of urbanisation:
Housing pressure has caused the growth of favelas e.g. Rocinha.
Transport problems – congestion and pollution
Sanitation and Health (sewage, waste disposal, disease)
Increased demand for services (schools and hospitals)
Social problems (crime, Rio murder capital of the world)
Shanty towns are built on unstable land of poor materials – risk of landslides & fires
Management:
Within the Favelas, the government has assisted people in improving their homes. Breezeblocks and other materials were given as long as people updated their homes.
The government also moved a lot of people out of shanty towns into low coast, basic housing estates with plumbing, electricity and transport links.
However, the waiting list for these properties was huge
Community policing has been encouraged with greater links between the police and the local communities and businesses, but drug gangs still pose a huge problem. - from ZNotes

Question 29

The demographic transition model

Answer 29

The Demographic Transition Model attempts to show how population changes as a country develops.
Natural Increase: the increase in population due to more births than deaths
Natural Decrease: the decrease in population due to more deaths than births

Model divided into 5 stages:
1 high stationary
2 early expanding
3 late expanding
4 low stationary
5 declining