Population Flashcards
What are some social indicators of the quality of life in a particular country? (5)
– Infant mortality rate, The number of child deaths before the age of 1 per 100 of a population
– Life expectancy, the average age that people live to within a country
– Number of patients per doctor, this is the ratio for how many people there are for 1 doctor
– Literacy rate, shows the number of adults who can read and write in a country
– Calorie consumption, the average amount of calories a person consumes per day
What are some economic indicators of the wealth of a country? (5)
– Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the total value of goods and services produced per head of the population (in U.S dollars)
– Energy consumption, how much energy a country uses and the type
– Gross National Product (GNP), the total value of goods and services produced plus income from abroad (in U.S dollars)
– Income per capita, this is the average income a person earns in a country
– Car ownership, the number of cars per head of the population
How do indicators show the number of people per doctor in a country? (3)
– A high number of people per doctor shows a lack of healthcare
– The more people per doctor means less developed a country will be because there isn’t enough money to educate them
– Developing countries often have a poor education system and lack of universities to train qualified doctors
How do indicators show the life expectancy in a country? (5)
– A high life expectancy shows a country has good hospitals, doctors and money to spend on medicine
– Developing countries often have a low life expectancy as they have very hard physically demanding jobs
– A low life expectancy also shows poor nutrition, food shortages and famine
– More advance treated are available in developed countries
– Countries with higher life expectancies have access to clean water and food reducing the infant mortality rate
How do indicators show the number of births per 100 women per year? (4)
– The lower the number of births per women the more developed a country will be because there is a low infant mortality rate and women do not need to have extra children to ensure some survive
– Children are not needed to work on the land so birth rates are low
– Contraception is widely available and family planning clinics allow women to plan for a baby
– Sex education in schools helps to prevents unwanted pregnancies
How do indicators show the percentage of people working in agriculture? (4)
– The lower the percentage of people working in agriculture the more developed a country will be as most people will work in factories to services
– Developed countries will have few people working in farming because they can afford to import their food from other countries
– People work in mainly secondary and tertiary industries as there is more money to be made in these sectors
– More people work in agriculture in the developing world because of the lack of mechanisation
What are some of the limitations of only looking at one of these indicators to measure the development of a country? (7)
– GDP, Can be manipulated by governments who want to appear poor to collect more aid
– Car ownership, Mode of transport is not desired by some rural communities
– Energy consumption, many poorer less developed countries do not have a supply
– Calories per person per day, inaccurate measure as in some countries people choose not to eat healthily
– Literacy rate, some people will have no notice of other skills which are equally important
– Infant mortality rate, statistics can be a result of social or political factors
– Life expectancy, figures may disguise inequality
The HDI has been used by the UN and measure..? (3)
Wealth (GNI per capita)
Health (life expectancy at birth)
Educational attainment (number of years in school)
What are some of the advantages of using mixed indicators? (2)
Gives a more realistic picture of the standard living within a country
Allows direct comparisons between countries
What are some of the disadvantages of using mixed indicators? (2)
If all countries improve at the same rate, poorer countries will never climb
Using different indicators can produce different results
Reasons for high birth rates in developing countries include (5)
– Contraception is expensive and not widely available
– Infant mortality is high due to disease and lack of healthcare so women have extra children to ensure service
– Large families need children to help older generations
– Children are made to work on farms to gather more income
– Women are not educated so it makes it harder for them to earn money
Reasons for high death rates in developing countries include (5)
– Lack of sanitation
– People aren’t vaccinated against diseases
– Lack of hospitals to treat ill people
– Unreliable food supply and lack of clean water
– Developing countries font have funds to prepare for natural disasters
Ways to reduce birth rates in developing countries include (5)
Compulsory education makes having children expensive
Raising the school leaving age makes children expensive
Government taxes can make children expensive
Availability of contraception makes controlling family size easier
Advertising benefits of smaller families
Reasons for low birth rates in developed countries include (7)
– Contraception is widely available
– Later marriages are more common meaning fewer children
– People have fewer children due to more serving at birth with advanced medicine
– Developed countries have money to invest in medical care causing the birth rate to fall with reduces infant mortality rates
– Children are expensive
– Women want to have careers and put off having children
– Sex education in schools helps to lower birth rates
Reasons for low death rates in developed countries include (6)
– Clean water access prevents diseases such as cholera
– Regular supply of nutritious food prevents malnutrition and starvation
– Low population densities prevent the essay spread on infection
– Better vaccinations and healthcare
– Good hygiene and sanitation prevent diseases
– Good living conditions
